List of descriptions of species and strains of Psilocybe mushrooms and others |
List of known psychoactive mushroom speciesRevised 1.05.2002 and updated 1.09.2007 Copyright 1998-2001 by John W. Allen (www.mushroomjohn.org/listedspecies1.htm) BASIDIOMYCOTINAAgaricalesBolbitiaceaeAgrocybe SpeciesConocybe SpeciesCoprinaceaeCopelandia SpeciesPanaeolus SpeciesCortinariaceaeGalerina SpeciesGymnopilus SpeciesInocybe SpeciesPlutaceaePluteus Species
StrophariaceaeHypholoma SpeciesPsilocybe SpeciesNew ones or changes in above (original) list:Psilocybe mexicana „A“ Psilocybe mexicana „B“ | List of known species of Psilocybe mushrooms
Newly discovered or others missing in above (original) list: |
SPECIES' DESCRIPTIONS
Psilocybe cubensis „Albino A+“ |
Macroscopic feat.:
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Bovine, Equine Dung and Enriched Soils. Comment: Unlike the PF albino, this mutated strain retains normally pigmented spores. Since there is also a small amount of pigment in the carpophores, this strain is better considered a leucistic form instead of a true albino. source - www.fsre.nl |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Amazonian“ |
This Amazonian strain produces very thick and fleshy mushrooms. Although it is not the easiest strain to grow it may, if properly managed, produce some very nice flushes. The number of mushrooms may not be very big, the size more than compensates for this. Fruitbodies are very solid and have a massive stem. Cold-shocking is definitely required for this one or else the mycelium will completely cover the casing and this makes watering impossible. This condition also causes mushrooms to only form on the sides of the trays (which will lower your yields) The mycelium of this strain is extremely rhizomorphic. source - www.mushmush.nl |
Growth parameters: Substrate: Various grain types, compost, pasteurised dung/straw Temperature: colonisation/fruiting: 28-30°C / 23-26°C |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Argentina“ |
This magnificent Cubensis argentina produces massive amounts of shrooms, is of mediocre size and flushes and flushes forever. This strain has been known to grow on alder wood and fruit, compost, straw, dung, rice and it's apparent favorite, bird or finch seed. Not only does it thrive during indoor breeding, it also has a very pleasant appearance and is very easy to breed. It will certainly produce lovely prints. source - www.fsre.nl |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Australian“ |
Hello fellow mushroom enthusiast. This strain of cubensis was picked by BIO in Australia some years back and produces some very healthy, classic text book, golden top cubensis. It has potential to grow some very large fruits at times. Sometimes excedeing 1 foot in height on simple substrates such as birdseed. Usually it will produce a varied amount of vary large fruits, or a huge abundance of average sized fruits, using the substrate very well. On DB compost it we have seen it produce fruits over 18" tall. This strain does excellent on DB compost. Its colonizing speed is average, not breaking any records, but certianly not slow. Another nice characteristic of this strain is it produces very thick, solid stems. We have also found over time this mushroom is very comparable to the ecuador cubensis in many aspects. source - www.thehawkseye.com |
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Psilocybe cubensis „B+“ |
The infamous B+ strain of cubensis... what a chameleon this one is. This is by far the most versatile cubensis we've ever seen. Adapting and growing in such a wide range of temperature conditions and substrates. It truly thrives to spread its seed, which by the way its a very heavy spore depositor. Not only does it grow easily indoors, we've seen the B+ fruit outdoors several times in a wide range of temps and substrates. Several times one winter, night time low of 45F, day high of 60F, the B+ just flourished. Spring/summer, low of 75F, high of 90F, the B+ once again fruited beautifully. We've seen it grow on alder wood and fruit, compost, straw,dung,rice, and it especially loves bird/finch seed. We've heard so many good reports back from ppl that just love this mushroom and how easy it grows, and how beautiful it is, its loved by many. Although the B+ is not a super fast colonizer, its speed is average, producing some very large mushrooms that are generally a caramel color. Grown in cooler temperatures, it usually always produces a very beautiful color caramel cap and stems. The stems are generally very thick, and it produces some large caps. It also drops a very thick veil. Grown in warmer temps, its color changes to a more golden color at times. The B+ cubensis has been around for a while. It was brought to us by a grower that went by Mr. G. There was a lot of controversy surrounding this mushroom for so long because Mr. G started off by telling everyone it was an azure/cubensis hybrid. Although at times it does grow some broadly umbonate caps like Psilocybe azurescens, it is just a unique cubensis. But a huge thanks to Mr. G, where ever you are these days, for bringing us such a beautiful mushroom. We like to refer to this one as "super strain". It really is a superior cubensis in many ways. This is a Hawk's Eye Favorite and belongs in everyone collection! These were grown outdoors in a greenhouse, on a mix of 2:1 finch seed to vermiculite, then cased using the 50/50+ tek and mix. source - www.thehawkseye.com |
Growth parameters: Substrate: Various grain types, compost, pasteurised dung/straw Temperature: colonisation/fruiting: 28-30°C / 23-26°C |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Blue Meanie“ |
The Blue Meanie strain is kind of mystery strain to me. "Blue Meanies" which is a widely known name for Pan cyan for about 30 years seemed to become also a kind of new cubensis strain. Sometimes a certain vendor renames a strain for I guess commercial purposes. The Z-strain seems to be such a kind of strain. But no one seems to know what strain it should be. It looks a little like the Golden Teacher, but it isn't. Well we found this strain on some respected vendor sites as a cubensis so we are ready to put this strain on the list. source - www.fsre.nl |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Brasil“ |
This strain has its origin in Brasil. It's a very rhizomorphic and strong colonizer with medium sized mushrooms. It fruits very fast and appears in clusters counting a large number of mushrooms. No need to isolate this strain to get good results! source - www.fsre.nl |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Cambodia“ |
This is by far one of the fastest colonizing strains of cubensis we have ever seen. We've given it to a few other ppl who witnessed the same results. Let me give you an example. 3 days after inoculation, the strain germinated and 100% colonized 1/2 pint finch seed/verm jars in only 7 days. It was then cased and started pinning 10 days after being cased with a 1" thick casing layer. Mushrooms were harvested 25 days after inoculation. Every patch we've planted has given us the same amazing results...this strain just thrives to spread its sacred seed. We've seen a lot of different strains of Psilocybe mushrooms grow over the years.. but this one takes the gold metal for one of the fasted growing cubensis. Not only do they grow extremely quick, but produced some absolutely beautiful textbook cubensis. This cubensis was originally picked by John Allen while in Cambodia filming some of the Psilocybe mushrooms that are growing there. We have also found this to be one of the most potent cubensis we've ever eaten, delivering a very nice energetic high that tended to last quite a while. Its not an extremely intense experience, just very energetic and last a long long time. Very smooth as well without much body noise. This one really wakes you up in a beautiful way. If you like the energetic journeys from these mushrooms, this is your ticket to an all night exploration. John Allen and his film grew said they found it to be very potent for a cubensis as well. These cubensis along with some Copelandia cambodgeniensis grow in the cattle (brahmans) dung around the Angkor Wat Templeat Siem Reap, Cambodia. You can see more pictures of this mushroom taken by J. Allen at spiritplants.com. As for cultivating conditions, it does really well on finch or birdseed, eats through grains, fruits on dung well, loves compost, and seems to love high temps. We've had this mushroom colonize rapidly in 85f+ temps.. and fruited at 93F+ temps with no problem. It loves heat!!!! It also generates lots of heat, so take this in to consideration when incubating and fruiting. This is definitely the summer mushroom of choice. We've also heard back from ppl that the jars of mycelium put off a lot of heat.... not many mushrooms do well in those high of temps.... definitely your outdoor late spring/summer strain. It took a while.. but we have domesticated this strain... and its very stable now, it also withstands contamination very well. Recently a lot of pictures have been surfacing of this cub doing very well in outdoor patches at cooler temperatures as well. Another thing we have noticed and heard back, is sometimes it produces nice smooth stems, and beautiful caps, textbook cubs, then other times it produces some lumpy stems. They also produce and abundance of mushrooms in a small area. Not a very large growing mushroom on grains, but produces some very large fruits on dung or compost. On grains they make up for the small size by produces a lot of mushrooms in a small area. Be sure and check out the pictures of the cambodians on compost below, this mushroom produces some really beautiful fruits. For colonization, we recommend 75F-80f, not much higher because they throw off a lot of heat. For fruiting, it will fruit in lower temps of 60F, but it loves heat once again... fruiting will occur from 60F to 93f+.... yes.. 93F+ :) This is one of our favorite cubensis strains because its so fast colonizing and fruiting and is very easy on the mind, body and soul. source - www.thehawkseye.com |
Growth parameters: Substrate: Various grain types, compost, pasteurised dung/straw Temperature: colonisation/fruiting: 23-26°C / 15-34°C |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Cambodian Gold“ |
The Cambodian Gold is a F1 hybrid of Psilocybe Golden Teacher x Cambodia. This strain is developed by a dutch Growkit producer to immediately start growing a variety of the iconic Golden Teacher strain at home. It has long been a dream for this producer to provide an easy-to-use grow kit for Psilocybe cubensis Golden Teacher, but the strain underperformed and seemed unsuitable as a 'Ready-To-Grow' box. However, through a process of controlled mycelium growing and careful selections, the spores of Cambodia and Golden Teacher were brought together as a powerful cross with hybrid vigour that is called "Cambodian Gold". The Cambodian Gold was first introduced as a 'Ready-To-Grow' box at Azarius! source - www.fsre.nl |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Colombian“ |
This one has a nice history from our friend Plankton88 in Colombia who sent us the spores earlier this year. He picks this strain from the cowfields of the nearby little village Villa de Leiva. He personally found them to very potent and a beautiful journey and wanted to help spread the seed if this wonderful cubensis. There were 2 strains of cubensis sent to us, one from Guato and this one from Villa de Leiva. As for the growing parameters, its a very fast colonizing strain. This strain tends to grow a mix of rhizomorphic mycelium, and cottony mycelium, (multi spore inoculation)yet grows very fast. The strange thing is that when this strain fruits, the mushrooms cant hold their own weight very well. They topple over. Our growers have grown this mushroom several times and find this very interesting why they don't stand up. We need your help with this one. So many mushrooms to cover.. so much energy being spent. As you can see they grow rather large and in huge clumps, rather cool looking I think. We would like to hear your feedback. We're offering this one at a discounted rate just to get some feedback. As for the high, very clean, yet somewhat mellow. It is a great "social" mushroom. You get the beauty of the mushroom high, yet its very mellow and smooth. Very easy to talk in groups of ppl on this one without feeling to overwhelmed by the psilocybin experience on the psyche. A very "low anxiety" mushroom. It comes on very mellow, slow and smooth. Its great for being around a lot of ppl without having that "high anxiety" feeling of restlessness some mushrooms give. Count on an easy going peaceful journey. This coming from only one experience on these. You be the judge, feel free to send us any feedback you have for this new strain from Colombia. source - www.thehawkseye.com |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Ecuador“ |
Coming to you all the way from 3500+ feet up in the Ecuador mountains is the beautiful ecuadorian cubensis. This one was picked by BIO, and is very widespread around the world at this point :O). Spread that seed to the wind brother. This mushroom has become very popular in many cultures as it grows very easily in nature. It also produces some very nice golden color mushrooms and it has been noted by many to be one of the most beautiful, picture perfect cubensis out there. Out in nature under God's grace, it produces an abundance of nice big healthy mushrooms. According to our friends in Ecuador who eat this mushroom, the euphoric sensation it creates is a very dreamy, relaxing, and can be quite visual. source - www.thehawkseye.com |
Growth parameters: Substrate: Various grain types, compost, pasteurised dung/straw Temperature: colonisation/fruiting: 28-30°C / 23-26°C |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Ecuador Yosterizzii“ |
This strain came from Mushroomtroll. He gave the following description. Psilocybe cubensis ecuadorian var. Yosterizii it has a very noticeable wood grain and linear line on the cap some are w/out annulus. It took about 3 years to develop it, and it is a repeating flusher (if you keep your incubator free from parasite you will get a flush every 2 weeks for about 6 month, this strain does not require a casing but is a must for repeated flush (I usually lay perlite at the bottom 2 inch and add 1 inch of water that is presterilize, lay a 1/4 inch of colonize grain over it and then cover with 1 inch of peat moss. (The peat moss is watered to the point were only a few drops of water is running between my fingers and then sterilize.) source - www.fsre.nl |
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Psilocybe cubensis „F+“ |
Originated from a wild Florida Psilocybe cubensis. Isolation was carried out and ended with a cloned fruit. All F+ lineages come from this clone. The strain is very aggressive and colonises most substrates in exceptional time. F+ has even been fruited from wood chips. Like most cubensis, F+ does best on horse and cow dung. The mycelium of F+ is predominantly tomentose to intermediately linear, although it can grow very rhizomorphically under certain conditions. Despite the predominate tomentose growth, F+ usually pins prolifically. The fruits from this strain have the ability to grow rather large. Defining characteristics of this strain include: mycelial spots on cap, symmetrical caps, mycelial growth well along the stem, and an umbilicate cap. Joshua who isolated this strain hopes that all will enjoy it and that it will be spread to mycologists throughout the world. source - www.fsre.nl |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Golden Mammoth“ |
Well, there is a lot of Internet gospel going on about this strain. Here are some info's we at FSRE have collected. A commercial vendor in Canada is the only source claiming this strain. On there website thy have the following info's: "'GOLDEN MAMMOTH' (psilocybe aureus tantus) is the ultimate, amazing Psilocybe cubensis strain. The Golden Mammoth has earned itself a reputation as the best among Psilocybe cubensis magic mushrooms strains, the most prolific, reliable and resistant study available. Developed 13 years ago by an expert mycologist with over 30 years experience, the Golden Mammoth strain arose after extensive research. Professionally perfected, the Golden Mammoth has a pure lineage and virus free genetic line. The Golden Mammoth is the strongest, most vigorous Psilocybe cubensis strain in distribution. This strain delivers mammoth amounts of research material. General Appearance: Gold colored cap. White veiled stem 8"-10" tall." Whatever the story is behind this strain, we at FSRE can confirm that it's not a rename of the B+ or Golden Teacher. This strain shows his own unique characteristics. And we do belief that this strain is the result of hard work from a professional mycologist. source - www.fsre.nl |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Golden Teacher“ |
Class is now in session. Eat a few caps and prepare for your cosmo highway lessons! There is a lot of uncertainty as to where this strain originates from. Its believed to come from a company out of Amsterdam a couple years back. We obtained our original print from The Spore Works. After our grower, -Clyde- at the Birds Nest, grew it out several times, he really enjoyed it and decided it was a keeper. Its a semi fast grower and produces some large caps. We've heard a lot of ppl give praise to its potency and heard from several different circle of friends they find the green and purple spectrums of sight are very enhanced. An additional note to avoid confusion. Another popular spore supplier claims the PES Hawaiian and Golden Teacher (GT) are one and the same and sells them this way. -Clyde- has grown them both out several times and found they were completely different in size and growth, and decided the PES H was not worth keeping (in our opinion, if you enjoy it then great!)and the GT is definitely worth keeping and spreading the seed. Enough said, we're going with the GT. source - www.thehawkseye.com |
Growth parameters: Substrate: Various grain types, compost, pasteurised dung/straw Temperature: colonisation/fruiting: 28-30°C / 23-26°C |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Guadalajara mexico“ |
Another cubie from Mexico we're offering is this decent little strain of cubensis from Guadalajara. We're not exactly sure who the found the original specimen, but Workman found the connection in Mexico and fruited this strain to help spread the spores. Nothing really spectacular about its growing parameters. Semi-fast colonizer, produces rather small caps, but average in size overall. We decided to keep it for a while because the word around the camp fire is the potency is considered high for a cubie, and ppl have been asking for it. We have also noticed that most cubs from Mexico tend to be smaller then average, but also very visual. An additional note, its been in this authors experiences, that mushrooms from Mexico tend to deliver powerful spiritual journeys. source - www.thehawkseye.com |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Gulf Coast“ |
Gulf Coast cubensis generally means it is a wild growing cubensis that grows along ocean bordering states such as Texas, Alabama, Florida, Georgia etc. Spores from one state can easily travel to the next through birds, farm animals, hurricanes etc... They adapt along the coastal states to the new growing conditions and take up habitat near the warm humid ocean islands. From what I hear.. most people are very satisfied with these GC strains because they are fast colonizers and produce some above average potency. We do hear a lot that some people have a hard time getting them to pin and fruit easily, while other GC strains fruit very easily. We have worked with a lot of different GC strain over the years people have sent us. With so many out their from the coastal states of the U.S.A. we decided to stick with ONE that a good friend of ours has grown over and over and produced excellent results. We compared his results to the strain we were working with and decided he had the best strain of GC cubensis we had seen yet. After our grower -Clyde- worked with it a few times, sure enough we saw some great results and decided to keep it and stop all further work with the other GC strains such as the Alabama GC below. It is believed this one originated from Texas but our friend was not 100% sure on that. So for reference we are calling it T.H.E. GC so as to not get confused with the many other GC strains floating around out there. This one is truly exceptional and we're glad to add it to The Hawks Eye collection of exceptional cubensis strains. This GC strain does not seem as stubborn as some of the GC strains we have seen in the past. It fruits very easily in a range of temperature conditions from 60F to 90F. For best results we recommend keeping temps around 75F. |
Psilocybe cubensis „Gulf Coast Alabama US“ This strain of cubensis was sent to us from a sacred mushroom hunter in Alabama U.S. We originally received the print, it was easily 6 1/2" in diameter. One very large print from a very large mushroom. The hunter said it was one of his favorite strains of cubensis he hunts there in Alabama, and judging from the print size and what we've seen when grown, we can see why. This strain is a fast colonizer, and very easy to grow. Something unusual about it, was that the mushrooms grew in large clusters of 10-25 mushrooms. 80% of the casing grew this way. Overall, this GC Alabama is a real nice strain, but potency seemed rather low for a cubensis. This Alabama GC strain fully colonized 1/2 pint finch seed/verm 2:1 ratio in about 16 days from inoculation. Started fruiting within 2 weeks of being cased, using 50/50+ tek. Tends to grow some very thick solid stems and grows in clusters. Grows well in temps ranging from 60F-85F. Not a real heavy spore depositor though, but a very fast growing mushroom. A nice cluster of GCA's - 23 mushrooms in this cluster. source - www.thehawkseye.com |
Growth parameters: Substrate: Various grain types, compost, pasteurised dung/straw Temperature: colonisation/fruiting: 28-30°C / 15-32°C |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Huautla“ |
Psilocybe cubensis strain finds its origins in Huautla de Jímenez, a small village in the Oaxaca state of Mexico. Here Gordon R. Wasson first tried Psilocybe mushrooms becoming the first white person to have experienced a magic mushroom ceremony. This is the magic mushroom that Maria Sabina used for her veladas, when the Psilocybe caerulescens season was finished. It carries with it a spiritual load unequaled in Psilocybe cubensis. Club99 collected this Psilocybe cubensis strain in the end of July, 2001 growing on a pasture land, into the grass. Interestingly Psilocybe cubensis Huautla was not seen growing directly on dung. Magic mushrooms are tall and thin and have a uniquely shaped cap. Psilocybe cubensis Huautla is a easy fruiter. source - www.mushmush.nl |
Growth parameters: Substrate: Various grain types, compost, pasteurised dung/straw Temperature: colonisation/fruiting: 28-30°C / 23-26°C |
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Psilocybe cubensis „John Allen“ |
The following info about this strain was posted by John Allen at the entheogen.com forum! The Allen strain was developed by Hydorogen of the Shroomery in honor of my research and spore print gathering. Another one he developed was the Elephant Gate Strain. I did not name either one of those although they are from Koh Samui. The Allen strain I cannot recall what area it is from. I did not name it. But I understand it too is a fast colonizer like the BHT and the Cambodian Cubes. source - www.fsre.nl |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Keepers Creeper“ |
This mushroom arrived us by The Little Guy. We won a print in a nice contest on the Shroomery. So our first genetic material came from BoxTop from TLG and was won in a contest.The original Creeper comes from Keeper. Also an resource for prints, however the most expensive one on this globe. Personally I do not believe in his fantasie stock with fantasie hybrides and exclusive prices. source - www.fsre.nl |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Malabar“ |
Wonderful Prolific fruiter. Nice thick and meaty fruits. These can get fairly large. Unique cap that appears flat on top before the cap opens up. Stems are fairly thick, definitely dense, and meaty. Also veil tends to stay attached, sometimes even at full maturity. You will most likely have to break the veil yourself to print these. Avg. to dark spore depositor. source - www.mushmush.nl |
Growth parameters: Substrate: Various grain types, compost, pasteurised dung/straw Temperature: colonisation/fruiting: 28-30°C / 23-26°C |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Matias Romero“ |
This is a nice rizomorphic strain. Lots of pins and lots of aborts. But with proper moisture content and humidity many (but not all) aborts can be avoided. This strain loves water but don't go drowning it! Fat meaty stems particularly at the base of the stem and great yields. This strain is named after the Mexican village Matias Romero where it was collected. It produces, some smaller, but fat stemmed mushrooms that usually form in clusters. This strain profits a lot from cold-shocking. The veil for the most part breaks cleanly away from the cap and caps leave heavy spore deposits. source - www.mushmush.nl |
Growth parameters: Substrate: Various grain types, compost, pasteurised dung/straw Temperature: colonisation/fruiting: 28-30°C / 23-26°C |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Mazatapec Mexicana“ |
Another fantastic cubensis from Mexico is the strain picked around Mazatapec Mexico. For those of you into the spiritual side of mushrooms, I'm sure you will enjoy this one a lot, as I've always noticed mushrooms from Mexico tend to deliver a very powerful spiritual journey. We've heard a lot of great feedback from ppl over time on this one having very beautiful visions after embracing its gift. Although you may have a tremendous spiritual or visual experience on these, you'll need a little patience. These tend to colonize a little slower them most. Count on an extra 10-14 days to your project. The little extra wait is well worth it. source - www.thehawkseye.com |
Growth parameters: Substrate: Various grain types, compost, pasteurised dung/straw Temperature: colonisation/fruiting: 28-30°C / 23-26°C |
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Psilocybe cubensis „McKennaii“ |
The first appearance of this strain was in Dutch smartshops. It was available as a fresh mushroom shortly after the dead of Terrence McKenna. We belief this strain was named after Terrence McKenna in order to honor him. This could be a marketing trick from the smartshops, but still it's very honorable to name a strain after Terrence Mckenna. The following info is according to the website of one of our sponsors, which offers this strain as a Growkit: "The McKennaii might be even stronger than the popular but difficult to grow Hawaiian (Copelandia cyanescens). No doubt the McKennaii is the strongest cubensis in our catalog. This one is for the more visually interested. Dark brown caps with an odd shape and thick sturdy stems." Also this info could be part of the marketing trick! source - www.fsre.nl |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Mexican“ |
This mushroom was originally found in Southern Mexico, from Mr. G. A very beautiful mushroom always giving beautiful spotted caps, usually of a nice yellowish color instead of your typical cubensis golden tan color. Sometimes it even throws off some orangeish colored spotted caps. It tends to grow with smaller stems and rather large caps compared to its stem. A rather fast strain, and very easy to grow. It does exceptionally well cased, and will continue to flush over and over within a week of each other. Although not a giant sized mushroom, it produces an abundance of mushrooms continually. You can usually count on a minimum of 4 really good flushes from this strain, and sometimes more. Another nice key feature about this cubensis, as that it fruits
well in cooler temps of 50F, but also grows like all other cubensis at the higher temps of 75F-85F. One special characteristic about this mushrooms potency, is it doesn't seem to give the high anxiety a lot of mushrooms do when the first initial waves of euphoria come over you. Its a very smooth, clean high, with a nice heavy play on the eyes. The mexi-cub is truly a beauty to marvel at for its unique appearance, definitely gets a "best of show" award. Some beautiful new pics of the mexi-cub on Dung Brothers compost inside of the 10lb THE DB KIT. These are absolute monsters for the usually small growing mexi-cub. source - www.thehawkseye.com |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Mystery Fatass“ |
This strain produces mushrooms with the fattest asses you have ever seen! The caps are hard to print as she looses her spores poorly. The first flush consists of mushrooms with an unusually fat stem. In later flushes some very big mushrooms can be harvested. source - www.mushmush.nl |
Growth parameters: Substrate: Various grain types, compost, pasteurised dung/straw Temperature: colonisation/fruiting: 28-30°C / 23-26°C |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Nepal Chitwan“ |
Description: Original collection material was obtained by Baerbel near the Chitwan Jungle of Nepal. Three specimens were located in otherwise dry climate conditions, growing in tall grass and shaded by a nearby tree. Specimens picked from what appeared to be either elephant or rhino dung. Original sample specimen pictures below and right. Macroscopic feat.:
Microscopic feat.:
source - www.sporeworks.com |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Orissa India“ |
All the way from India, an EXTREMELY large growing cubensis that spawned from elephant dung has blessed us all. This strain of cubensis has to be one of the largest growing anyone has seen. Originally brought to us my entheomycologist John Allen, once again a big thanks John, this one really rocks the boat. Ever seen dinner plate sized mushrooms? Even on simple rice cakes in Amsterdam this one grows some rather large mushrooms. -Clyde- and his fellow Amsterdam growers have seen some mixed results from this one as well. Although something so large comes with a small price, at times its rather unstable when taken from the dung fields to the grow shops of Amsterdam. The Amsterdam growers tells us although the first flushes at times can be unstable, the rest are outstanding and produce these monster mushrooms like they have never seen. The Indian cubensis also grows around most green mold like its nothing. They continue to flourish around green mold like Oyster mushrooms do. I guess it must be something in the elephant dung that has helped this mushroom develop and immunity to most green mold (trichoderma) The more -Clyde- has worked with it the better it gets. Colonizing speed is average, potency is extreme for a cub from the feedback we got from the Amsterdam coffee shops and the locals in India. source - www.thehawkseye.com |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Pensacola“ |
This strain was first donated to the FSRE by Ashes. The FSRE is very happy to share this interesting cubensis strain from Pensacola, Florida. Be surprised by the appearance of this beauty. Growing fast with strong rhizomorphic mycelium, easy fruiting with short but massive fruits. This strain is worth a try!! source - www.fsre.nl |
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Psilocybe cubensis „PESA“ |
Ready for some drama and controversy :). This one has an interesting story behind it. A company out of Hawaii called Pacific Exotic Spora (PES) advertise this strain as a cubensis/azurescens hybrid. They even went so far as to claim it came from the mushroom master Paul Stamets himself. Well people, there has been a lot of azure/cub hybrid scams in the past, and to this day the experts such as P. Stamets have not published any information about being able to hybridize a Psilocybe azurescens with a Psilocybe cubensis. They are completely different species and this task would certainly be extremely difficult. I'm sure if anyone can do it, P. Stamets can, and hopefully one day he will. But until something is published, do not buy into it. This is nothing more then a very potent cubensis. About a year ago when they started advertising this hybrid, a bunch of us pitched in to get a print of this (yes, that is how high there prices are :) and Workman grew it out and once again, a cub/azure hybrid was nothing more then a cubensis. Our grower here at T.H.E. has grown out all the cubs from PES, and found this the only one worth keeping. Another company, PF, sells the PES Hawaiian, which is a different strain, and some ppl have the PES Amazonian, this strain is neither of those. If it helps with any of the confusion, just call it PESA.. and the A does not stand for Amazonian. I think it originally stood for Azurescens. PES (Pacific Exotic Spora)has been around for a while, and sells quite a few strains of cubs and panaeolus at a very very high price. We normally will not carry other strains that is unique to one company. But, since PES charges such a ridiculous price for a print of this strain, we decided to go ahead and carry it and share with everyone because most ppl will enjoy the extreme potency. Ok, enough of the controversial babble, now lets get down to the fact of this strain. Our grower -Clyde- finds this to be one of the most bluing cubensis he has ever worked with. After cutting these with a blade, they turn dark blue within 2-3 seconds!! Most cubs, take about 10-20 seconds to start turning dark blue. And everyone we know that has tried them found them to be extremely potent as well. Perhaps this is why PES started calling them cub/azure hybrids since the Psilocybe azurescens is the most potent mushroom in the world. So yes, the PESA is a VERY potent cub, but potency is not everything. It produces some very light caps, although large caps compared to small stems, and does tend to abort a lot. As you will see in the pics below if you look real close. It is a semi-fast colonizer, and fruits nicely in cold temps. So this mushroom does not utilize all of the substrate very well, but the mushrooms it does produce are just extremely potent and its a real good strain to add to your collection. Like I said, it was the only one of the PES strains we liked enough to keep. And its one of our growers favorite strains, I think he is just impressed with the extreme speed of the bluing effect... so easily entertained (wink). source - www.thehawkseye.com |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Penis Envy“ |
We're happy to finally be able to bring you spores of our favorite cubensis. We would have loved to brought this one out sooner but this mushroom is extremely hard to obtain spores from. Only about 10% of the mushrooms actually drop spores. Every time we had a few prints they sold out immediately! Why is that? Well it is a mutant mushroom in a sense. This one was developed by the famous entheogenic mycologist/enthobotanist and psilonaut Terence McKenna, God bless his resting spirit. For those not familiar with Terence McKenna he was a famous author, speaker, mycologist, botanist on psychoactive plants and fungi. You can find a whole vault of his teachings in MP3 format at this link. My personal favorite book by him is Food of the Gods. Unfortunately Terence McKenna died last year of a brain tumor and now resides in Gods hands :0) See you on the cosmo highway Terence. Besides his wonderful teachings he left behind to fuel our thoughts and imagination, he also left one of the most unique and powerful cubensis mushrooms we have every experienced. Its nick named Penis Envy because they resemble.....well......you guessed it.. a penis. Terence was big on mushrooms and marijuana and he talks a lot of psilocybin mushrooms being a "male" energy and mj being a "female" energy. No wonder he developed a mushroom that looks like a penis :) Listen to many of his teachings and you will hear what I'm talking about. OK now for some information on the mushroom itself. Well this one is straight up amazing. Its favored by many and yet feared by others. Why? Its very powerful medicine. Most of our friends in Amsterdam claim this one is twice as strong as any cubensis they have ever tried. The vibe lasts a long, long time. It does not come on in "waves" as most cubensis do. Its a solid ride from start to finish. Once your on the vibe its solid.. it keeps going strong for many many hours... but in a very beautiful way. A few friends claimed it was to strong but most wanted more, more, more! On the times I had the opportunity while outside the U.S. to eat these, I was mesmerized. It was the perfect vibe for cubensis in my experiences. I love the fact it doesn't hit you in waves. Its the same strong vibe throughout the experience. It is very smooth, and clean and easy on the body. I always felt like a million bucks the day after eating these. In my humble opinion, this is the perfect vibe from a cubensis! Provided you live in a country where its legal to grow and eat psilocybin mushrooms, treat it like any other cubensis. You will not get huge flushes from it, but what you will get are extremely solid mushrooms that are the thickest cubensis mushrooms every seen. They are like little wood logs, solid all the way through. Once dry they weigh a lot more then appears. In fact eating them, its best not to just chomp down a mushroom unless your ready for an intense experience. Its best to break them up into a lot of pieces, almost fluff them up. What appears to be an average mushrooms fluffs up into a huge pile expanding to 3 to 4 times its actual size. Then you can judge your dosage much better. They grow very large on compost and dung based substrates as well on birdseed and rye grains. Our grower in Amsterdam has never grown them on rice cakes so no idea how they perform on that substrate. Now although this mushroom really is amazing, it drops very limited spores. If you cant get any spores from your mushrooms you can always cut off a piece and use tissue culture techniques on agar, cloning. Or you can take a cotton swab, such as a Q-tip and rub in the gills real good to get some spores, then later drop that in a bag of grain or streak it across agar. Of course that assumes you live where its legal to grow. Because spores are so hard to obtain from this mushroom they are priced much higher. Also we can not give these out free with our combo deals unless you buy at least 3 spore syringes as well. Thanks for understanding. A few pics for now. We have a lot more but they are all on video tape and I don't have time right now to pull them off. I will hopefully post some more amazing pictures soon. In fact I have some video footage of these already edited and will hopefully post that soon as well. I promise I will get some amazing pics up before we go out of business. The mushrooms from these pictures are average in size. But even the largest mushrooms in these pictures will dry to almost a 1/2 oz. That is how dense they are! -Clyde- started these on rye grain then transferred them to 10 lbs of compost. Just from one flush like this they will dry to about 3 ounces! Pretty damn amazing. As long as you can get over eating a mushroom that looks like a dick you will have many happy experiences on these. source - www.thehawkseye.com |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Penis Envy 6“ |
Shroomery veteran RogerRabbit, "Crossed a standard PE with the Tex strain." The result was PE 6. RogerRabbit's efforts were an attempt to create a PE strain which produced more spores... but the spores were accidentally released too early... when a few prints were unintentionally mailed out, in a stack of other prints. Here's how RogerRabbit says PE 6 came to be. "A single sector fruiting isolate of PE, and another of TEX were placed on a Petri dish with rattlesnake venom added to the agar. The snake venom helped the two dikaryotic strains share genetic information to form a third sector, which was which was labeled PE6. Other Isolates of the PE were labeled PE 1-7, and apparently, some of the 6, which was the cross, were in the same batch of prints. The idea was to get a good spore producing PE, but I never had time to stabilize the strain due to accidentally releasing it early. That's why sometimes they look like texans and sometimes very much like PE." PE 6 looks like a cross between Penis envy and Texans. The fruits often have LARGE caps, which open fully, unlike classic PE. They also produce spores. While the stems look quite a bit like PE. Thick and textured. Like little logs. RogerRabbit confirms this description: "the caps that opened fully have fewer spores like PE, and they have the same gnarly stems too. Only the caps seem to be bigger and to open all the way." source - www.fsre.nl |
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Psilocybe cubensis „PF Classic“ |
This PF strain is no different strain that the normal PF Classic. However this strain has been cultivated from approx. 1990 only on PF cakes (brf/verm) with no interruption of tissue culture. In order to keep this strain clean we hope you only use them on brf/verm cakes as the PF style describes. Classic 90 prints are a kind of collectors items I think and that's how they are offered. In order to keep this strain 100% real we will place the returned 90 prints in the regular Classic stock. This strain was donated by René of Perfect Fungi Europe. This strain is 100% Robert McPherson original. So it is the one and only PF Classic from the one and only Mister PF. source - www.fsre.nl |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Plantasia Mystery“ |
We're very happy to be able to bring this strain to you. There were a lot of rumors surrounding this strain for quite some time back in 98. It originated from The Grow Room, but Plantasia is no longer in the spore business so we asked him if he minded if we sell his unique strain and he was cool with it, so here is a new strain that we at The Hawks Eye think is good enough to turn everybody on to. Originally it was unsure weather this strain was an azurescens or cubensis. As you can see from some of the outdoor pics, it looks a lot like an azure, but it grows like a cubensis, it loves warm temperatures. Rumor has it this strain was being handed out by P. Stamets himself, as an azure, at a mushroom conference in Mexico some years back. And as you will see from some of the pics, they do look a lot like huge azurescens, but they are not. Update December 2000. We're very happy to bring the Plantasia cub back again. This is one of this authors personal favorites for the experience they provide. They always seem to give me extremely happy thoughts and a huge smile across my face :) as well as those around me. Just a beautiful happy vibe. As for growing, they are semi-fast colonizer, fruits are average in size, and very beautiful as you will see from the pics. This strain not only does well in heat, but also in cooler temps outdoors. Enjoy. source - www.thehawkseye.com |
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Psilocybe cubensis „South American“ |
Macroscopic feat.:
Microscopic feat.:
Discussion: Produces some very large mushrooms, and a very heavy spore depositor. This strain is a great all around performer! Fast growth and high yielding clusters in the wild. You'll get some monsters from time to time with this strain. Rizomorphic mycelium eager to spread and caps tend to split some and this to be due to the fast growth rate of the fruits. Heavy spore depositor. A favorite among many! The spores of this strain can produce one of the fastest growing cubensis out there. High yields, big fruits, an all around winner. This strain comes from South America. Quick colonizer that produces mediums sized fruits. One not to miss in any true collector's library. The South American strain was originally sold by Spore Chicks from a strain collected in Venezuela. It tends to colonize very quickly with a dense pinset. source - www.fsre.nl |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Syzygy“ |
Syzygy was the name of a Spore vendor back in the early days. The person behind this company was apparent Terence McKenna. Below is a copy of there advertisement in the book "Psilocybin: Magic Mushrooms Grower's Guide" by Oss & Oeric. |
A 25year old spore print originating from this company was reincarnated and these spores now circulate under the name "Syzygy". This strain was first donated to the FSRE by Anand. source - www.fsre.nl |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Tasmanian“ |
The Tasmanian cubensis is a fantastic mushroom found by BIO on the island of Tasmania just below Australia. Tasmania is a state of Australia, sub-tropical, having 4 seasons. It tends to get very cold their at times, and as -Clyde- found out, this mushroom does very well in cold temperatures outdoors, Our grower -Clyde- did some work with the Tazmanian cubensis and was just ecstatic about this strain of cubensis. He says its extremely fast growing on compost, high yielding, and produces some very large capped beauties as you will see in the pictures. He also gave word people will be very pleased with the sensation within it provides. Not much more to tell on this one yet, its new to us and we haven't seen much talk about it yet on any message boards. -Clyde- thinks people are going to be talking very highly of this strain once it gets around. -Clyde- says this is an extremely fast grower. At 80F temps, it colonized 10 lbs of compost in 5 days !! That is very fast. Most other fast strains he says does it in around 10 days. Unfortunately, we only have one picture of it indoors, but what a nice picture it is. This is a close up, with a film canister for size comparison. |
Our grower had some fun with the strain outdoors. After the trays of compost started colonizing, the trays were put outdoors in cold temps. The average temp range was a hi of 75F, and a low of 45F. The Tasmania cub still colonized fast, and produces some very beautiful yellowish color cubs. Another characteristic our grower likes about the Tasmania cub is its a real good 2nd flush producer. This same outdoor tray above, produced a nice abundance of large capped mushrooms on the 2nd flush as well. source - www.thehawkseye.com |
Growth parameters: Substrate: Various grain types, compost, pasteurised dung/straw Temperature: colonisation/fruiting: 28-30°C / 23-26°C |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Teonanacatl“ |
This strain was observed and collected for the 1st time by Mauritius (founder of the pro-fungi, Brasil) in the Lowland region Careiro, state of Amazonas, Brazil. During the rainy season extending from September to May, buffalo breeders bring their pets to farms flooded by the road BR 319 that connects the Careiro Varzea Careiro to Brown. With the end of the rains the animals are transported to other areas. In July of 2008 Mauritius entered a farm and collected a mushroom of the genus Psilocybe cubensis from the buffalo manure. The spores of this strain where clean on agar and sectors of mycelium where isolated for 1 year to select the best growing mycelium on rice and corn. The name is in reference to the site Teonanacatl. source - www.fsre.nl |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Thai“ |
This strain is sold commercially in the smartshops in The Netherlands as "Thai cubensis". A very nice strain to grow, although the mushrooms themselves are not that big, the huge first flushes make up for this. This strain produces very well and easy. No cold-shocking is required. The picture show a some very mature first flush mushrooms grown on sterilised rye cased with peat/lime. source - www.mushmush.nl |
Growth parameters: Substrate: Various grain types, compost, pasteurised dung/straw Temperature: colonisation/fruiting: 28-30°C / 23-26°C |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Thai Pink Buffalo KS“ |
This particular strain also comes from the beautiful island of Koh Samui, Thailand and was brought to us John Allen. What makes this one so unusual is that it was found in a field that was inhabited by one of the sacred pink buffalo of the island. Like the other Thai strains, this one is considered one of the more potent strains of the Psilocybe cubensis variety. It's worth mentioning that these Thai strains are very fast colonizers and tend to produce larger fruitbodies in later flushes rather than the initial ones. Another great strain from Ban Hua Thanon - Koh Samui, Thailand. source - www.fsre.nl |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Thailand Ban Hua Thanon“ |
The scientific name is Ban Hua Thanon, after the island it was first found on. Our Ban Hua Thai is very very easy to cultivate, totally white and looks like an albino - shroom ;) While it grows in the same standard temperatures as other members of the PC genus, it has also been known to colonize at as high as 30 degrees Celsius. This Mushroom is probably the most beautiful we have to offer! source - www.magicmushrooms.org |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Thailand Lipa Yai“ |
Another great psilocybe mushroom brought to us by Enthomycologist John Allen from his travels through Thailand. This fantastic species of cubensis was picked in this field in Lipa Yai on the island of Koh Samui, Thailand. And this big beautiful buffalo is one of the benefactors that helps these wonderful mushrooms flourish all over Thailand :) A huge thanks again to John Allen, a.k.a. Mushroom John for taking the time to seek out these mushrooms on his travels and bringing back spore prints. This strain of cubensis from Thailand is a another winner. We were hesitant to make available 2 strains from Thailand thinking they might just be the same strain of cubensis that migrated. After growing both strains, the Koh Samui and the Lipa Yai out several times they clearly show many differences and traits and are both exceptional strains of mushrooms worth spreading. The Lipa Yai strain is similar to the Koh Samui strain in the fact it is a fast colonizer, is a strong resister to contamination, fruits very easy and fast, and is very potent for a cubensis. The big difference in the 2 is that the Lipa Yai grows taller and produces a lighter cap. The Koh Samui tends to produce smaller, yet very thick stemmed and large caps, while the Lipa Yai grows taller, semi-thick stems, and semi-large cap. Both are excellent strains. The feedback we've received from those who have sampled its spiritual gift, absolutely love this one. Very potent!!! It's no wonder why in Thailand they have the full moon festival every month where thousands gather to eat these sacred mushrooms and experience God-Within together. Looks like its time for a TRIP to Thailand :) source - www.thehawkseye.com |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Thailand Koh Samui“ |
Another great psilocybe mushroom brought to us by Enthomycologist John Allen from his travels through Thailand. This beauty was picked in the town of Hua Thanon on the island of Koh Samui. Here is a picture of the field actual field it was picked in. |
A huge thanks again to John Allen, a.k.a. Mushroom John for taking the time to seek out these mushrooms on his travels and bringing back spore prints. This strain of cubensis from Thailand is a real winner. Its very resistant to contams, is a very fast colonizing strain and the fastest fruiting strain of cubensis we have seen. It tends to grow some very thick mushrooms with large caps. Although they don't grow real tall, they make up for height in thickness. Some times it tends to grow some nearly shaped mushrooms, but we hear the stranger they grow the more potent they are with this strain :). Its potency is phenomenal for a cubensis. We've heard nothing but great reports back from people that have experienced its gift. Many friends have claimed it to be the most potent cubensis they've tried yet, saying they are very "twisted", and asked for these specifically by name the next time they were ready to journey. You'll need to be the judge of that for yourself.Another group of friends have dubbed them "the cloud mushrooms" you'll see what I mean when you enjoy viewing the clouds on these. It's no wonder why in Thailand they have the full moon festival every month where thousands gather to eat this sacred mushroom and experience God-Within together. source - www.thehawkseye.com |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Thailand KS Lamai Beach“ |
Another great psilocybe mushroom brought to us by Enthomycologist John Allen from his travels through Thailand in 2000. This beauty was picked and printed on Lamai Beach on the island of Koh Samui in Thailand. A huge thanks again to John Allen, a.k.a. Mushroom John for taking the time to seek out these mushrooms on his travels and bringing back spore prints. This strain of cubensis from Thailand is another winner. Our grower -Clyde- had grown out all the strains from Thailand brought back these last couple of years and we only kept the best ones. After growing it out through several generations, this strains is acting more domesticated and producing some amazing flushes. Although at my discretion to have so many Thailand strains, -Clyde- insisted we spread the spores of this strain as it produces an abundance of mushrooms in a small surface growing area. Colonizing and fruiting speed is average, mushrooms are plentiful, and once again, as with all of our Thailand strains, this one is yet another very potent mushroom for a cubensis. We hope you enjoy it :) All of the Thailand strains are quickly becoming The Hawks Eye favorite cubensis. source - www.thehawkseye.com |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Transkei“ |
This is a Psilocybe cubensis strain from South Africa. It was the first strain of Psilocybe cubensis in wide circulation that originated from the African continent. The original magic mushrooms were collected in January 2002 in Transkei, in the Wild Coast region of South Africa. The magic mushrooms were growing directly on dung in the shade of trees. Psilocybe cubensis Transkei magic mushrooms are medium sized and have a pretty solid stem that's a little gnarled. Young magic mushrooms have bright orange/brown caps that later turn very pale to almost white. Combined with the purplish colour from sporulation, these caps take on a unique white/purple/golden pattern. The veil stays connected to the cap for a very long time until it tears, leaving remnants on the stem as well as on the cap. Most Psilocybe cubensis strains have a veil that tears from the cap and stays on the stem. Mycelium on agar grows very rhizomorphic. Cultivation is pretty much the same as with other Psilocybe cubensis strains although the formation of overlay and stroma is to be expected. A cold shock does not seem to have any effect on this Psilocybe cubensis strain. Overlay makes watering impossible but the wildly growing mycelium will act as a contamination barrier protecting the substrate. Still magic mushroom yields are substantial and certainly not bad for any Psilocybe cubensis. As magic mushrooms are pulled from the casing they open up the casing layer beneath making watering possible again. Magic mushrooms show extreme bluing when bruised. source - www.thehawkseye.com |
Growth parameters: Substrate: Various grain types, compost, pasteurised dung/straw Temperature: colonisation/fruiting: 28-30°C / 23-26°C |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Tulum“ |
The variety Tulum, is not exactly a Mexican variety of psilocybe, the name came because the Collective SANTOVIAJE, spanish people of fungic and botanic speciallist with a biochemistry, and the help of a Mexican-Spanish shaman and friend, who stay for 1 year living in the state of Quintana Roo, Mexico in 1999, trying to make an hybrid... the varieties that was present in that "experiment" was: Psilocybe baeocystis, Psilocybe cyanescens, Psilocybe mazateca and Psilocybe cubensis strain Thai Pink Buffalo. The result of that experience was a mushroom very potent, although not necessarily a hybrid, and ready for the weather and temperatures more colds like in Europe, and ready too for outdoor grow and little attention. They call the strain Tulum, because the culture grow there and after the strains came to Spain the culture #11 was the best. Initially few persons have the strain and then it spread via Holland... Robust and resistant to contaminants. It grows well in Brown Rice. There are reports that under favorable conditions it can give very large fruits. source - www.fsre.nl |
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Psilocybe cubensis „White Treasure Coast“ |
Well, here it is, a white cubensis. Pretty isn't it? This white cubensis is a substrain of the Treasure Coast Cubensis from Florida. The Treasure Coast Cubensis was brought to us by the grower for the former FMF, that went by Mr. G. He has done some interesting breeding with the TC strain, and it will throw off 4 different substrains. One of them being this very unique white cubensis. We have seen a variety of substrains come from this strain, and most recently several casings of all white albino mushrooms. The white cubensis starts off a very light brown, then changes to the frosted white at about 1 1/2" to 2" tall as it matures. All the substrains of the TC will have a frost look on the caps with, and they are all very potent mushrooms, the white being more potent then the rest for some reason. For a long time this mushroom strain has been considered slower then most. The problem was solved by dramatically increasing the spore count in the syringes. It also tends to be fast on rye grain and fast on straw. This one is a very beautiful mushrooms worth checking out. Currently all spores being sold of the Treasure Coast Cubensis are from these white albino mushrooms. There is no guarantee you'll see the white substrain, but your chances are much higher from these spores. source - www.thehawkseye.com |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Wollongong“ |
This strain originates in the Illawarra escarpment near the city of Wollongong, Australia. The Illawarra escarpment is the mountain range west of a narrow coastal plain south of Sydney, enclosing the region known as the Illawarra which stretches from Stanwell Park in the north to Kiama, Gerringong and the Shoalhaven river in the south. The hills of the plateau reach over 400 m and may drop abruptly to the coast. The Wollongong strain tends to be very aggressive. The pinset is very even. First and second flush fruits tend to be the largest. What's very remarkable about this strain is the color of the caps, which are a beautiful almond-like color. You can even see the edges of the caps have stripes. Very different from other strains. source - www.fsre.nl |
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Psilocybe cubensis „Z-strain“ |
Some cultivators say is also the Golden Teacher, but is really it's own strain displaying different characteristics than the GT. An aggressive colonizer and prolific fruiter, the Z-strain produces medium to large fruits. The original Z-Strain comes from SporeTradingPost for the grazy price of $90.00. This amount of money is way to much for a simple print. Personally I do not believe in his fantasie stock with fantasie hybrides and exclusive prices. Most growers even speculate if the Z-strain is indeed a new kid in the mushroom three. It is extreme hard to make hybrides. And very doubtful that one guy produces all those hybrides. The are most likely renamed cubensis strains. source - www.fsre.nl |
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Psilocybe acutipileaPsilocybe acutipilea (Speg.) Guzmán synonyms: Deconica acutipilea Speg. (1889) |
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Habitat: Solitary on humus in subtropical forests. Known only from the type locality. Studied material: BRAZIL, Apiaí (Apiahy), Autumn 1881, Spegazzini 1536 (LPS 38307 type). Discussion: This species is close to Psilocybe mexicana Heim and Psilocybe caerulescens Murr., and seems to be intermediate between them. The size of the spores and the cheilocystidia serves to separate Psilocybe acutipilea from the other two species (see Guzmán 1977-B). It is possible that this species has hallucinogenic properties because of its relationship with those mentioned above that they are use by the Mexican Indians as psychotropic fungi. source - www.mycotaxon.com [7 (2): 226] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe aeruginosaPsilocybe aeruginosa (Curtis) Noordel. (1995) synonyms: Agaricus aeruginosus Curtis 1786 Pratella aeruginosa (Curtis) Gray 1821 Stropharia aeruginosa (Curtis: Fries) Quelet (1872) Stropharia alpina (M. Lange) M. Lange 1980
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Habitat: Widespread throughout the British Isles, northern Europe, and in western North America, on wood debris, in gardens, parks, and occasionally along grassy areas at the edge of woodlands. In the Pacific Northwest this mushroom grows beneath conifers and in the South-west under aspens. In southern California, it can be found under oak. Comment: Activity suspected but not known. A spectacularly beautiful mushroom, Psilocybe aeruginosa is listed in most books as a Stropharia. Noordeloos (1995) proposed a new combination, placing this mushroom, more appropriately, into the genus Psilocybe, following the suggestions of Alexander Smith (1979). This mushroom has historically been reported as poisonous, perhaps because of its psilocybin content. (Some books still report it is poisonous, without providing elaboration or references.) Analyses of specimens from Washington found no psilocybin or psilocin (Beug and Bigwood 1982b). I know people who have eaten this species with no effects. In Europe, it is thought to be edible. Since the consumability of this species is questioned, caution is advised until the biochemistry of this species is studied further. See also Psilocybe caerulea (= Stropharia caerulea). source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe alleniiPsilocybe allenii Borov., Rockefeller & P.G.Werner (2012) synonyms: Psilocybe cyanofriscosa Psilocybe cyanofranciscana nom. prov. |
DESCRIPTION 1 Description: Psilocybe allenii was described as new to science in 2012 by Jan Borovička, Alan Rockefeller, and Peter G. Werner. Borovička received material collected from Seattle, Washington, which he noted was microscopically similar to Psilocybe cyanescens, but lacked the wavy cap margins characteristic of that species. In previous publications, Borovička had noted that both macro- and microscopic characters of certain Psilocybe species were highly variable, which could also account for the differences observed in the Seattle material. However, DNA sequencing revealed a 5-base pair change in the internal transcribed spacer regions (a segment of RNA often used in molecular phylogenetics to identify or distinguish fungal species) between Psilocybe cyanescens and the Seattle collections. This difference, in addition to the readily observable macroscopic differences, was deemed sufficient to warrant describing the taxon as a new species. Additional molecular studies published by Borovička and colleagues in 2015 identified Psilocybe azurescens, Psilocybe cyanescens, Psilocybe weraroa, Psilocybe cubensis, and Psilocybe serbica as closely related to Psilocybe allenii. For several years before its official description, the taxon was known in the San Francisco Bay Area, and suspected of being an undescribed species. The authors suggest that a color photograph of "Psilocybe cyanescens" in David Arora's popular 1986 guidebook Mushrooms Demystified may actually depict Psilocybe allenii. Mycologist Paul Stamets suggested in 2005 that it "probably is new, or least a newly imported species". It is commonly called "Psilocybe cyanofriscosa" in the online mycological community, but this name is grammatically incorrect Latin and has never been validly published in scientific literature. The specific epithet allenii honors John W. Allen, who collected the original material and provided the impetus for the study. Allen collected the type material from the University of Washington Campus in November of 2009. He first collected the fungus in Capitol Hill in 1982, and several times later from Seattle. Some of these collections he sent to Mexican Psilocybe specialist Gastón Guzmán, who initially thought them to be Psilocybe cyanescens because of their overlapping spore size ranges. Fruitbodies of Psilocybe allenii are variable in size, depending on the substrate in which they grow. Macroscopic feat.:
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Notes: The mushrooms are consumed for their psychoactive properties, and have a potency roughly similar to Psilocybe cyanescens. Borovička and colleagues say they are "commonly sought out by some mushroom hunters" According to Rockefeller, "If you go to Golden Gate Park in December you will see hundreds of hippies looking at the wood chip landscaping for Psilocybe cyanescens and Psilocybe allenii." Several Psilocybe species have an appearance roughly similar to Psilocybe allenii, but these can usually be distinguished by differences in morphology or distribution. The European species Psilocybe serbica var. moravica has a similar cap and stipe, but is generally more slender than Psilocybe allenii. The closely related Psilocybe cyanescens is indistinguishable by microscopic characteristics, but features a wavy cap in maturity, a longer fruiting season (from late September through April), and lacks a ring zone on the stipe often seen in Psilocybe allenii. Psilocybe azurescens has a broader cap, an umbo that may be broad or acute, a longer stipe up to 20 cm (7.9 in), and a growing season similar to that of Psilocybe cyanescens. The authors also note that the Australian Psilocybe subaeruginosa is similar (including three taxa that have since been synonymized: Psilocybe australiana, Psilocybe eucalypta, and Psilocybe tasmaniana) but suggest that further research is required to better understand the delimitation of this species complex. Habitat: Psilocybe allenii is found in the northwestern North America, with a range extending from British Columbia south to Los Angeles, California. It is most common in areas up to 10 miles (16 km) from the Pacific coast, although it has been collected 100 miles (160 km) inland. Fruitbodies grow scattered, in groups, or (more rarely) in clusters, on woody debris, such as wood chips often used in landscaping. Favored substrates include hardwood mulches made of oak, eucalyptus, Douglas fir, and alder. Fruiting occurs in cold weather, generally from late September to January. The species can be readily cultivated on agar, grain spawn, and cellulosic material, including wood chips and sawdust. source - www.wikipedia.org DESCRIPTION 2 Macroscopic feat.:
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Season: Much Like Psilocybe cyanescens they prefer the cold temperatures of fall and usually are found late September into December, and October through January in California. Habitat: Much like Psilocybe cyanescens they like the mulch and wood chipped areas. "Being a bit south helps (Tacoma and south Washington)" (NeoSporen). They are largely seen in the San Francisco Bay area of California where they get their name from. Blueing: Bruising when handled. Especially in the cap margin. Dosage:
Notes: In the book Mycelium Running by Paul Statements it says "microscopically, they seem identical to Psilocybe cyanescens, leading me to believe that these are probably Psilocybe cyanescens, and that this species is simply highly variable in macromorphology". This species has been very well documented by amateur mycologists, however it has not been officially described and thus has no scientifically accepted species name at this time. The nic name "Cyanofriscosa" was coined by a member of the website www.Shroomery.org a couple years ago when other Bay Area hunters began finding them. Other common names have been used to describe this mushroom, such as the "Cyclone Psilocybe", coined by Paul Stamets due to an instance in which the mycelial pattern of an agar culture looked like a spiral. source - www.shroomery.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe alutaceaPsilocybe alutacea Y.S. Chang & A.K. Mills |
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Season: From when the fall rains begin until the first freezes. Liberty caps like cool temperatures, around 50 degrees Fahrenheit and lots of rain. Habitat: Solitary to subgregarious on cow dung Reported from Western Australia, New Zealand, but was described in Tasmania. "Predominantly on nutrient-poor grasslands and pastures (Noordeloos 1999, p. 45), rarely on dung, in contrast to the new species. Mating crosses between isolates of Psilocybe semilanceata and Psilocybe alutacea always produced negative pairings." Y. S. Chang, G. M. Gates and D. A. Ratkowsky Some new species of the Strophariaceae (Agaricales) in Tasmania. Australasian Mycologist 24, 53-68 Notes: This species shares many macro and micromorphological characteristics with Psilocybe semilanceata, Psilocybe alutacea appears to be close to the blueing temperate dung loving species, It has been put into section Semilanceatae by Dr. Guzmán. source - www.shroomery.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe angustisporaPsilocybe angustispora A.H. Sm. (1946) synonyms: Deconica angustispora (A.H. Smith) Ram.-Cruz & Guzmán
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Habitat: Single to several on the dung of sheep, cows, horses, elk, marmots, and other animals during the spring and fall. Originally, reported from western Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Colorado. Probably more widely distributed. Comment: An uncommon species in need of further study, this petite species is a classically shaped mycenoid Psilocybe. I suspect that it is active, but no one has yet submitted specimens for analysis. See also Psilocybe semilanceata and allies. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe antioquensisPsilocybe antioquensis Guzmán, Saldarriaga, Pineda, García & Velázquez |
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Habitat: Mycenoid, like Psilocybe mexicana without pseudorhiza. Solitary or in small groups, in clay or sandy soil, in meadows with horses, cattle, or Indian Brahman cattle (Bos), and or water buffalo (Bubalus), with leavening grasses, in subtropical humid regions, at 1000-1600 m altitude. In manured ground but not directly from manure. Distribution: Currently known only from Antioquia in Colombia; Jalisco and Veracruz in Mexico, and Angkor Wat in Kampuchea (formerly Cambodia). Probably a pantropical species Season: Monsoon rainy season from late May through October. Dosage: Unknown. Comment: Collected from three locations in the Angkor Wat Compound of Cambodia at Banteay Srei (Temple of the Women), 15 km south of Banteay Srei (rice paddie area) and at Banteay Kdei (Citadel of the Cell). This species macroscopically resembles Psilocybe semilanceata and Psilocybe galindii. Psilocybe antioquensis was first reported from Colombia and Psilocybe galindii from Mexico. Both species belong to the section Mexicanae, but differ in the microscopic features. The main feature of these three species is the pseudorhiza which is a subterranean prolongation of the stipe. For more data concerning this species, read John Allen's paper Psilocybe antioquensis. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe aquamarinaPsilocybe aquamarina (Pegler) Guzmán synonyms: Stropharia aquamarina Pegler, Kew Bull 1977 |
The study of the holotype [Pegler 370 (K), from Africa: Kenya, Central Province, South Nyeri Distr., S side of Ml. Kenya, Castle Forest Station, near Thiba River, on soil] shows a fungus with spores (9-) 9.5-11 (-12) x 6.5-7 (-7.5) x (5-) 5.5-6 µm, subrhomboid in face view and subellipsoid in side view, without pleurocystidia, cheilocystidia (20-) 22.5-34 (-36) x 7-11 (-12) µm, fusoid ventricose or vesiculose submucronate and gelatinized pileus with hyaline hyphae 1.5-2.5 (-3) µm wide. The basidiomata (two) are of the same colour as in P. cubensis, with pileus convex subumbonate and stipe with an annulus persistent. Blue tones are seen in the annulus and in some parts of the stipe. Pegler (1977) related this species to P. aerugineomaculans Hóhnel, which differs in the size of the cheilocystidia, as well as in habitat. The absence of pleurocystidia places this fungus in the genus Psilocybe, and its annulus and possibly a blue reaction relate it to Sect. Stuntzii Guzmán. source - Bibliotheca Mycologica [159: 109-110] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe argentipesPsilocybe argentipes K. Yokoy. (1976) synonyms: Psilocybe subcaerulipes Hongo (1958) Psilocybe taiwanensis E. Horak, Guzmán i Desjardin Psilocybe thaizapoteca Guzmán, Karunar. i Ram.-Guill |
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Habitat: Gregarious to clustered on soil rich in woody debris, along trails, underneath or nearby Cryptomeria japonica, Quercus glauca or Pinus taeda. Known only from Japan Comment: Active, according to Koike et al. (1981). This species is named for the silvery patches of fibrils adorning the stem. Psilocybe argentipes is likely to be fairly potent - comparable to Psilocybe cyanescens. This Psilocybe may be distributed outside of Japan. See also Psilocybe azurescens, Psilocybe caerulipes, Psilocybe cyanescens, Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa, Psilocybe muliercula, and Psilocybe subaeruginosa. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe atlantisPsilocybe atlantis Guzmán, Hanlin & C. White |
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Habitat: Gregarious on soil. Distribution: Known only from the type locality in Fulton County, North of Atlanta, Georgia. Season: August. Dosage: Unknown. Comment: This species belongs to the section Mexicana and is the second species found in Georgia. The name atlantis is for the type locality. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe atrobrunneaPsilocybe atrobrunnea (Lasch) Gillet (1878) synonyms: Psilocybe fuscofulva Peck (1887) Psilocybe nigrella Peck (1910) Psilocybe turficola Favre (1939)
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Habitat: Gregarious to scattered or near sphagnum bogs, in coniferous and deciduous woodlands, fruiting in September and October. Reported from the United States (Michigan and upper New York to Maine), as well as British Columbia and central to northern Europe (Great Britain, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Finland, France, Germany, Sweden, and Poland). Probably more widely distributed. Comment: Possibly active. Høiland (1978) reported psilocybin activity from specimens collected in Norway. No other studies are known to me. This species has an overall resamblance to Psilocybe washingtonensis, Psilocybe physaloides, Psilocybe inquilina, and particularly to several Hypholomas, namely Hypholomas dispersum (=Naematoloma dispersum) and Hypholomas udum (=Naematoloma udum). Its fondness for sphagnum bogs makes that habitat target-specific. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe aucklandiaePsilocybe aucklandiae Guzmán, C. C. King & Bandala synonyms: Psilocybe aucklandii Guzmán, C.C. King & Band.-Muñoz (1991) |
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Habitat: Common. Grows scattered to gregariously on soil rich in woody debris and litter beneath Leptospermum and Dacrydium and in pine (Pinus radiata). Reported only around Auckland, New Zealand. Comment: Estimated to be moderately potent. No analyses are known to me. With the heavy export of lumber and raw logs from the pine plantations of New Zealand, this species has a direct gateway for spreading to many other temperate regions of the world. This species resembles many of the lignicolous Psilocybes. See also Psilocybe makarorae, Psilocybe subaeruginosa, Psilocybe cyanescens, Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa, and Psilocybe bohemica. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe australianaPsilocybe australiana Guzmán & Watling (1978) synonyms: Psilocybe subaeruginosa Cleland Psilocybe tasmaniana Guzmán & Watling (1978) Psilocybe eucalypta Guzmán & Watling |
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Habitat: Gregarious on humus with woody or leafy debris, on trails and roadsides in Pinus radiata plantations in temperate and subtropical rainforests. Distribution: Currently known only from South Australia. Season: Fruiting in April and May. Dosage: One or two large fresh mushrooms or one dried gram. Comment: Very close to Psilocybe subaeruginosa, Psilocybe eucalypta and Psilocybe tasmaniana. Several of these Australian, Tasmanian and New Zealand species noted above are closely aligned and related microscopically with Psilocybe azurescens, Psilocybe allenii and Psilocybe cyanescens from the Pacific Northwestern United States. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe aztecorumPsilocybe aztecorum R.Heim (1957) synonyms: Psilocybe mexicana var. longispora Heim (1956) |
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Habitat: Gregarious in groups of fruiting bodies of 5-20 specimens, growing on soil with wood debris or on twigs or very rotten logs, rarely on pine cones, in open woods of Pinus hartwegii with abundant grasses at the 3200-4000 m of elevation. Distribution: Known only from the high mountains of Central Mexico, such as Sierra Nevada (Rio Frio, Popocatépetl and Paso de Cortés), Nevado de Toluca and La Malinche, in the States of Mexico, Puebla and Tlaxcala. Season: This fungus fruits from August through October. Dosage: Unavailable. Comment: This fungus is employed by the Mexican Indians of the Popocatépetl region, e.g. in the town San Pedro Nexapa. The younger generation of Indian children sell this mushroom to tourists along the wayside road to Popocatépetl and also in Huautla de Jiménez. Two popular Náhuatl names for this species are "niños" and "niñitos." The name Psilocybe aztecorum was given to the species by Roger Heim in that it historically bestows a place of honor as it refers the Aztec priests and their people who employ them ceremoniously. They were known to have used this species long before the Spanish and Portuguese came to the New World. The Language of the Mazatec is Náhuatl, the language of their ancestors; the Olmec's, the Toltec's and their conqueror's, the ancient Aztecs and their cast uncharted Empire. The names "niños" and "niñitos" are used by shaman's and others who participate in all night vigils and veladas, as little boys and little girls. When consumed in a healing and curing ceremony, certain rituals are performed and depending on one's illness or misfortune, the fungi are always eaten in pairs of two and are considered as male and/or female and are always consumed in pairs of two; one male and one female. It also depends on what species are available since each species possess different amounts of psilocin and psilocybin. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe azurescensPsilocybe azurescens Stamets & Gartz |
Psilocybe azurescens is probably the most potent psilocybin producing species on earth. Spawn can be grown on rye or birdseed and transferred to sterilised woodchips. Room temperature is fine for growing out spawn. This fully colonised woodchip spawn can be used to inoculate woodchips in outdoor beds. Another option is to use grain spawn to inoculate soaked cardboard. Soaked cardboard is a highly selective substrate which can be used without sterilisation or pasteurisation. When the cardboard is colonised it can also be used to inoculate outdoor beds. More colonised cardboard or woodchip spawn results in faster colonisation of the chips in the outdoor bed and increases the chance of success. As a substrate for the outdoor beds freshly chipped wood and branches can be used. If pre-packaged wood chips are used it might be necessary to soak them in water for a couple of days before using them. The beds should be made in a shaded place and can be covered with a thin layer of casing soil. Grass planted on top of it helps to keep the moisture content high. Beds should start to fruit in the Fall and at that time extra watering might be necessary to keep the moisture content of the bed high. The bed should never be allowed to dry out. source - www.mushmush.nl Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
Growth parameters: Substrate: Wood chips. Temperature: colonisation/fruiting: 16-24°C / 10-15°C |
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Psilocybe baeocystisPsilocybe baeocystis Singer & A.H. Smith |
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Habitat: Psilocybe baeocystis was 1st discovered in Eugene, Oregon in 1945. Once considered rare, this species was a very common mushroom appearing in mulched garden beds under rhododendrons and rose bushes during the late 1970s and early 1980s, sometimes growing in amongst groupings of Psilocybe stuntzii in lawns and with Psilocybe cyanescens in alder mulched garden beds. Although this species grows abundantly some in lawns or grassy areas rich in humus or lignin and/or in alder wood chips and bark mulch, it is sometimes very hard to find. Distribution: From Eugene, Oregon to Seattle, Washington, up to British Columbia, Canada. Once considered rare, it is now common. Season: June to October in lawns. From late September through December and sometimes into January in mulched garden beds. Dosage: 1 to 2 large mushroom specimens or from 2 to 4 small specimens. Comment: A very potent species when fresh. Stains intensely blue when damaged. Loses much potency when drying. In the mid to late 1960s, two young children, both six years old reportedly died after allegedly consuming Psilocybe baeocystis. However, photographs given to the author by the physcians involved in the subsequent attempted treatment and later death of these children, one in Washington and a second reported death in California, were identified by (John W. Allen) as Psilocybe cyanescens. In both incidents, entire families had also consumed these mushrooms and did not die. Because of this misidentification by the late Chicago mycologist Rolf Singer and Alexander H. Smith who noted the species in their 1958 monograph on the genus Psilocybe, numerous mushroom field guides for both edible and psilocybian mushrooms described it as a very dangerous and toxic mushroom which could cause death. Over the years, few authors have corrected this error in reporting the correct identification of the species as Psilocybe cyanescens. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe banderillensisPsilocybe banderillensis Guzmán & Bononi synonyms: Psilocybe banderiliensis var. paulensis Psilocybe banderiliensis Guzmán Psilocybe paulensis (Guzmán & Bononi) Guzmán |
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Habitat: Gregarious on bare soil in a trail of the subtropical (or mesophytic) fores. Fruiting in November. Studied material: BRAZIL, Sao Paulo State, Mpio. de Cananéia, Ilha do Cardoso, Col. Guzmán 22960, November 18, 1982 (SP-177707 type) (XAL-Isotype). Discussion: The form of the pleurocystidia, as well as the abundance, and the irregular form of the cheilocystidia, as well as the southern locality, are the features that separates this variety from the type, which is know only from the State of Veracrus, Mexico (Guzmán, 1978; 1983). These fungi belong to the Section Brunneocystidiatae Guzmán, distinguished by their brown pleurocystidia. All of them seem to be hallucinogenic mushrooms. source - www.mycotaxon.com [19: 347] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe bohemicaPsilocybe bohemica ©ebek (1983) synonyms: Psilocybe serbica M.M.Moser & E.Horak (1969) Psilocybe arcana Borov. & Hlavácek (2001) Psilocybe moravica Borov. (2003) |
This European species is closely related to North American Psilocybe cyanescens (which is also spreading throughout Europe). Psilocybe cyanescens cap is not translucent-striate when moist, its lamellae are adnexed or narrowly attached, the veil connecting the pileal margin with the stipe more distinct. It grows in the same sites. Rare. Sporocarps solitary or gregarious. On well decayed deciduous and coniferous wood, on twigs, compost, plant residue, in gardens, parks, on roadsides, in rich places, ruderaly. Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe brasiliensisPsilocybe brasiliensis Guzmán (1978) |
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Habitat: Gregarious on grassy soils (Axonopus compresus) in forest of Araucaria brasiliana and Podocarpus. Known only from Brazil, near Sao Paulo, in March at approximately 1500 meters. Not yet reported outside this type locality. Comment: Apparently active, Guzmán (1983) first discovered Psilocybe brasiliensis, and lists it under the psilocybin-producing varieties because of the bluing reaction. The general shape is reminiscent of some of the temperate Psilocybes like Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa. Being a grassland species, this mushroom is likely to be widespread and is a good candidate for cultivation in tropical environments. I think if more Brazilians were aware of this species, its range of dominion would be better documented. See also Psilocybe aztecorum, Psilocybe baeocystis, and Psilocybe mexicana. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe brunneocystidiataPsilocybe brunneocystidiata Guzmán & Horak |
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Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Gregarious or cespitose on rotten wood in subtropical forests. Known hosts Castanopsis acuminatissima and Nothofagus spp. Reported from Papua New Guinea only. 500-2000 m a. s. l. Studied material: PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Morobe district: Bulolo, Manki; 13. III. 1972, leg. HORAK (Holotype ZT, 27/212; isotype ENCB) - Bulolo, Heads Hump; 2. XI. 1971, leg. HORAK (ZT, 71/226). Discussion: This fungus is closely related to the hallucinogenic and lignicolous Psilocybe yungensis SINGER & SMITH described from Bolivia (SINGES & SMITH, 1958) and reported also from Mexico (HEIM & WASSON, 1958); furthermore it is close to Psilocybe mammillata (Murill) SMITH, a native species from Jamaica (MURILL, 1918). Psilocybe brunneocystidiata a differs from the before mentioned two taxa in the brown pleurocystidia and in the well developed veil remnants forming the distinct subpersistent subannulus. Obvious relationships also can be traced to several species recently described by GUZMÁN (1977) from tropical forests in Mexico (Psilocybe naematolomiformis, Psilocybe singerii, Psilocybe uxpanapensis and Psilocybe weldenii). All these Mexican species have brown pleurocystidia but are separated from Psilocybe brunneocystidiata by different cheilocystidia. From the taxonomical point of view brown coloured pleurocystidia as observed in some tropical species are considered as a primitive character in Psilocybe (Guzmán 1977). source - www.sydowia.at [31: 45-47] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe caeruleaPsilocybe caerulea (Kreisel) Noordel. (1995) synonyms: Stropharia caerulea Kriesel Stropharia cyanea (bolt. ex. Secr) Tuomikoski
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Habitat: A litter mushroom, thriving in garden-like habitats or soils enriched with manure. Widely distributed, reported from the British Isles, Europe, and northwestern North America. Comment: Possibly mildly active. No chemical analyses are known to this author. This species differs from its close relative, Psilocybe aeruginosa, in its rapidly discoloring cap, the paler gills, and the lack of veil-formed scales on the cap surface, and its generally smaller stature. In Europe Psilocybe caerulea is more common than Psilocybe aeruginosa (= Stropharia aeruginosa). See also Psilocybe pseudocyanea (= Stropharia pseudocyanea). source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe caeruleoannulataPsilocybe caeruleoannulata Sing. ex Guzmán synonyms: Stropharia siccipes Karst. var. lugubris Rick, Lilloa 4:83, 1939 |
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Habitat: On marshy ground or in grasslands outside the forests of Araucaria and Podocarpus, in pasture land, sometimes on dung. Known from Brazil and Uruguay. Studied material: BRAZIL, State of Sao Paulo, near Campos de Jardao, March 8, 1971, 1600 m elevation, Guzmán 8877 (ENCB; SP). Guzmán 8916 (ENCB; SP). Santa María, 1936, Rick (PACA 15234, Type of Stropharia siccipes var. lugubris Rick). Sao Leopoldo, 1934, Rick (PACA 9362, as Stropharia inucta). Without locality: Rick (Herb. Bresadola 287; NY, as Stropharia luteonitens). URUGUAY, Maldonado, May 27, 1966, Singer B-4172 (BAFC Holotype). Discussion: Psilocybe caeruleoannulata is close to Psilocybe stuntzii Guzmán & Ott and Psilocybe uruguayensis Sing. ex Guzmán, but differs in the shorter cheilocystidia (Psilocybe stuntzii has cheilocystidia 22-27.5 µm a Psilocybe uruguayensis 24.5-32 µm. This species was named by Singer in the herbarium BAFC based on the collection from Uruguay. Later the author of the present paper collected the same fungus in Brazil and found the species in the herbarium PACA as Stropharia siccipes Karst. var. lugubris Rick, a variety described in 1939 but not considered in Rick's later papers (1961); this material agrees well with the type of Psilocybe caeruleoannulata; the variety of Rick is considered synonymous. Bresadola confused Psilocybe caeruleoannulata with Psilocybe luteonitens (Vahl ex Fr.) Parker-Rhodes, as the author noted in one of Rick's collections (NY), identified by Bresadola as Psilocybe luteonitens, but this species has spores 15.4-18.7 (-20) x 11-13.2 x 9.9-11 µm. source - www.mycotaxon.com [7 (2): 235-236] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe caerulescensPsilocybe caerulescens Murrill synonyms: Psilocybe caerulescens var. albida Psilocybe caerulescens var. mazatecorum Psilocybe mazatecorum Psilocybe caerulescens var. nigripes |
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Habitat: Gregarious to cespitose, rarely solitary and often in clusters and clumps. On disturbed grounds devoid of herbaceous plants. Prefers mudslides and orange brown soils. Distribution: Alabama, Mexico, Venezuela and Brazil. Season: Late spring and summer months. Dosage: 1-7 fresh mushrooms. Comment: Paul Stamets mentions in his field guide, "Psilocybine Mushrooms of the World" that R. Gordon Wasson first ate 13 pairs of this mushroom during his initial velada with Maria Sabina. However, it was actually seven pairs of mushrooms. Timothy Leary also consumed this mushroom in 1960 in Cuernavaca, Mexico. He was given 7 fresh specimens of Psilocybe caerulescens his friend and associate, anthropologist Frank Baron. This species was first discovered and identified from Huntsville, Alabama in 1924 by the mycologist Murrill and never seen in the United States of America until the early 1990s in Florida and Mississippi. Later in the late 1950s, R. Gordon Wasson and Roger Heim identified it as the Derumbe (Landslide) mushroom of the Mazatec Indians. It has been reported from Oaxaca, Mexico fruiting from sugar cane mulch and landslide areas along sugar cane roads. Many Identification guides list this species as occurring in the southeast states of Mississippi to Georgia and Florida. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe caerulipesPsilocybe caerulipes Peck synonyms: Agaricus caerulipes |
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Habitat: Woodchips and beauty bark in man-made gardens in public places. Distribution: Georgia to Massachusetts in the north and west to Ohio and north to Michigan and southern Ontario. Season: Late May through August into September. Comment: Psilocybe caerulipes is unique in that it is the only active Psilocybe native to the NE United States. It is a wide ranging species but uncommonly found. The Bethany strain reportedly fruits in both the spring and fall. In deciduous forests on hardwood slash and debris, plant matter, on or about decaying hardwood logs, birch, beech and maple. It is often overlooked as just another little brown mushroom, and although widely distributed, it is not found often. It is sometimes confused with the larger Psilocybe ovoideocystidiata. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe caribaeaPsilocybe caribaea Guzmán, T. J. Baroni & Tapia |
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Habitat: Gregarious or caespitose on rich organic or sandy soil, mixed with decaying plant debris, in tropical and subtropical forests. Known only from Puerto Rico. Studied material: PUERTO RICO, Mun. Naguabo, Luquillo Mountains, trail from Río Icacos to Río Prieto Dam, 4 Oct 1999, Laboy (PR-5772) (CFMR). Tradewinds Trail, 25 Jun 1995, Lodge, Barley & Wunderle (PR-2669) (CFMR), Lodge, Barley & Wunderle (PR-2671) (CFMR). Mun. Río Grande, Caribbean National Forest, El Yunque, Caimitillo Trail, 29 Jun 1996, Baroni 7971 (HOLOTYPE CORT; ISOTYPE XAL). Mun. Río Grande, Luquillo Mountains., La Mina Recreation Area, Mount Britton Trail, 23 May 2000, Cantrell & Salgado, ledger Cantrell PR-0022 (PR-6170) (UPRRP). MARTINIQUE, Vallée du Lorrain, Nov 1974, Fiard 87 (K(M): 84377); 4 Jun 1975, Fiard 87C (K(M): 84376). Between Gran Riniere and Anse Ceron, 17 Jan 1982, Fiard 1503 (K(M): 84375). Discussion: Pegler (1983) considered collections of this species from Martinique to be Psilocybe caerulescens. However, even though Psilocybe caerulescens is a member of section Cordisporae, it lacks pleurocystidia and is easily separated from Psilocybe caribaea, which has abundant pleurocystidia. Psilocybe caribaea is attractive because of its robust basidiomata, which occur in clusters. Its habit is reminiscent of Psilocybe collybiodes Singer & A.H. Smith, but that species has thin-walled ellipsoid basidiospores (Guzmán, 1983). Psilocybe caribaea is most phenetically similar to Psilocybe subtropicalis Guzmán, known from Mexico and Guatemala (Guzmán 1995). However Psilocybe caribaea can be separated from Psilocybe subtropicalis, because it possesses two types of pleuro- and cheilocystidia (recent observations on the holotype by Guzmána and Tapia). One specimen, PR-6170, possesses slightly larger basidia 28-37 x 6-7 µm with 1, 2, 3 and 4 sterigmata and slightly longer pleurocystidia (13-) 15-24 (-26) µm. However, the differences observed in this collection appear to be reasonably expected morphological variations for Psilocybe caribaea. source - www.mycologia.org [95 (6): 1172-1174] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe chiapanensisPsilocybe chiapanensis Guzmán synonyms: Psilocybe yungensis Singer & A.H.Sm. (1958) Psilocybe yungensis var. diconica A.H.Smith (1958) Psilocybe acutissima Heim (1959) Psilocybe isauri Singer (1959) Psilocybe subyungensis Guzmán (1978) |
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Habitat: Solitary on logs, in coffee plantations remainding of subtropical cloud (mesophytic) forests. Known only from the type locality. Studied material: MEXICO: State of Chiapas, Region of Tapachula, Municipio Union de Juárez, Ejido Santo Domingo, Oct. 4, 1993, Guzmán 30739 (Holotype, XAL). Discussion: This species is close to Psilocybe yungensis Singer & Smith and Psilocybe subyungensis Guzmán by similar pileus form, spores size and the lignicolous habitat, but differs by more abundant pleurocystidia (scanty in those species) and in their size (14-25 µm long in Psilocybe yungensis; 9-11 µm long in Psilocybe subyungensis, and in the size and variability of the cheilocystidia [14-33 (-40) µm long in Psilocybe yungensis; 16,5-25 µm long in Psilocybe subyungensis]. source - Bibliotheca Mycologica [159: 102-103] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe chuxiongensisPsilocybe chuxiongensis T. Ma & K.D. Hyde |
Description: Differs from related Psilocybe species mainly by the absence of annulus and hemispheric to hemispheric-convex pileus without an umbo or papilla. Macroscopic feat.:
Microscopic feat.:
Distribution: Chuxiong, Yunnan Province, China. Habitat: Growing solitary to scattered and gregarious on cow dung or grassland where cattle have grazed in summer and early autumn. Studied material: CHINA, Yunnan Province: Chuxiong City, Zixi Mountain, on cow dung, 25°01'05.5"N, 101°23'19.9"E, elevation 2237 m, 20 August 2009, Tao Ma CX026 (IFRD414-010, holotype). CHINA, Yunnan Province: Chuxiong, Wuding County, near a reservoir at road side in Bailu Village, on soil of grassland where cattle have grazed, 25°39'25.6"N, 102°05'30.0"E, elevation 2523 m, 24 Sep 2012, Xiao-Fei Lin WD007 (IFRD414-011) Discussion: Etymology refers to the location Chuxiong, where the collections were found. Psilocybe chuxiongensis is characterized by its subtropical habitat where it grows on dung. The pileus is smooth, buff-yellow to yellowish brown, hemispheric to hemispheric-convex without an umbo or papilla, lacks an annulus, while the context is yellowish both in the pileus and stipe. Bluing mainly occurs on the surface of the lamellae and stipe when bruising and drying, and mycelium are blue in culture. Microscopically Psilocybe chuxiongensis has large ellipsoid, elongate-ellipsoid to subhexagonal basidiospores 13-16 x 8-10.5 x 7.5-10 µm with slightly thick to thick walls, and hyaline, broadly clavate or ventricose pleurocystidia with an obtuse to short rostrate apex. Following the taxonomical concept of Psilocybe proposed by Singer (Singer, 1948, 1986, Singer & Smith 1958), Psilocybe chuxiongensis belongs to sect. Caerulescentes Singer because of its surface bluing fruit body and blue mycelium in culture. In this section, it is closely related to Psilocybe cubensis as it has similar basidiospores, basidiomata, pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia, as well as the same habitat, and they can be easily differentiated from other species by the color and form of basidiomata, large spores and the subtropical habitat on dung. The relationship with Psilocybe cubensis is strongly supported by phylogenetic analyses in all three datasets; they cluster together as a sister group and can be distinguished from other members with high statistical support values. Guzmán (1983) introduced sect. Cubensae to accommodate Psilocybe cubensis and Psilocybe subcubensis, which is characterized by coprophilous or subcoprophilous habitat, bluing basidiomata, subhexagonal thick-walled (0.5-1 µm) basidiospores, and a well-developed annulus. These two species are very similar and differ in the size of the basidiospores. Morphologically Psilocybe chuxiongensis can be easily separated from Psilocybe cubensis and Psilocybe subcubensis by the absence of annulus and the hemispheric to hemispheric-convex pileus without an umbo or papilla. Furthermore, Psilocybe cubensis and Psilocybe subcubensis have a white context, ovoid, broadly ellipsoid to subhexagonal or hexagonal basidiospores in face view, smaller ventricose pleurocystidia and fusoid-ventricose to lageniform to tibiiform cheilocystidia (Singer & Smith 1958 Guzmán 1983, Noordeloos 1999, Bau & Sarentoya 2009). source - Phytotaxa [156 (4): 211-220] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe columbianaPsilocybe columbiana (Peck) Hesle |
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Habitat: On clay black soils without herbaceous vegetation, sometimes living together with Aleuria aurantia (Pers. ex Fr.) Fuck., in páramos of Espeletia argentea at 3300-3500 m elevation. Known only from the type locality. Studied material: COLOMBIA, Department of Cundinamarca, Municipio of Tansa, road La Represa del Rio Neusa to la Torre de Transmisión de TV, July 24, 1971. Guzmán 9146 (Holotype COL; Isotype ENCB); other collections from the same locality are Guzmán 9145. 9l56; 9158 (all in ENCB and COL). Discussion: Psilocybe columbiana belongs to the Psilocybe zapotecorum group because of its spores and floccose stipe, but differs in the size of the spores and form of the cheilocystidia. It is a hallucinogenic species since it stains blue and has a farinaceous taste and odor. source - www.mycotaxon.com [7 (1): 237-238] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe coprophilaPsilocybe coprophila (Bull.) P.Kumm. (1871) synonyms: Deconica coprophila (Bull.) P.Karst (1821) Agaricus coprophilus Bull. (1793) Stropharia coprophila (Bull.) J.E. Lange (1936) |
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Scattered to clustered on horse and cow dung; fruiting after rains during the winter months. Dosage: Nonactive. Comment: This small dung dweller is recognized by a sticky, reddish-brown to dull yellowish-brown cap which when young is edged with cottony white fibrils and is typically translucent-striate. Unlike most Psilocybe species, Psilocybe coprophila does not bruise or discolor blue, with the exception of a few reports of bluing mycelium. Psilocybe coprophila does not bruise or discolor blue, with the exception of a few reports of bluing mycelium. Psilocybe coprophila is most likely to be confused with Stropharia semiglobata, another dung dweller with a viscid cap, but the latter is more yellowish, lacks a translucent striate margin even when young, and has a slimy, not dry stipe. Other mushrooms found on dung include Panaeolus and Coprinus species. Species of Panaeolus can be separated by dry, not viscid caps and distinctive mottled gills, while Coprinus species typically dissolve into an inky liquid in age. Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe crobulaPsilocybe crobula (Fr.) Singer 1962 synonyms: Geophila crobula (Fr.) Kuhner i Romagnesi Psilocybe inquilina var. crobulus (Fr.) Høiland |
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Fruiting in the fall on twigs and other wood debris - not on grass. Reported from the northwestern United States, Great Britain, much of Europe, and Russia. Probably more widely distributed. Comment: Not known to me as being a psilocybin mushroom. However, Phillips (1981) notes that it is active, without further elaboration or supporting references. Analyses by Høiland's (1978) failed to detect any psilocybin or psilocin. Psilocybe crobula is a small mushroom, which I have always found directly attached to sticks. The fibrillose patches on the stem are quite distinctive, and reminiscent of many small Galerinas. For this reason, I urge caution. See also Psilocybe inquilina, a species similar in its macroscopic features and with which it is often confused, Psilocybe atrobrunnea and Psilocybe washingtonensis. Guzmán and Smith (1978) noted the similarities Psilocybe crobula shares with Psilocybe laticystis and Psilocybe subborealis, two species from the Pacific Northwest. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe cyanescensPsilocybe cyanescens Wakefield |
We had the opportunity to visit Washington State and see some beautiful mushrooms in the wild. It was a very interesting adventure and very rewarding as well as educational. We had a great tour guide, John Allen a.k.a. mjshroomer, who has been picking mushrooms in WA for over 20 years. On the first day of hunting, our first stop was a church, where the sacred mushroom was growing on sacred grounds, I knew it was going to be a good day and a nice mushroom vibe after that. We found these growing amongts the alder mulch around the church. These pics can give you some idea of the surrounding these mushrooms grow in. Amongts all the alder mulch, leaves, twigs, etc. a nice little patch growing amongts some leaves, alder mulch and rhododendron bushes. |
The next patch we found was growing amongts some large shrubs in the alder mulch. I doubt anybody would have known these were there if it had not been for John's resourcefullness of walking for hours a day looking in places ppl wouln't think of. We literally had to walk amongts some waste high bushes and move them aside to see them growing down underneith the bushes. These were the largest in size that we found of all the patches, they ranged from 4" to 6" in height, and had caps about 2-3" in diameter. Well.. here is where the disappointment begins. Many of the patches we went to after this, during all the excitement I forgot to take pictures and even bring my camera. Yep.. I dropped the ball on that one. Thats ok.. gives me an excuse to go back to WA :) One of the most interesting things I found, was that the deadly poisonous Galerina mushroom was growing right next to the Psilocybe cyanescens in almost every place we found them. What is even more frightening is they look pretty similiar. But dont let that scare you off from hunting them, you can tell them apart. And very distinctly upon a close inspection and taking your time to pick them. The Psilocybe cyanescens have a more caramel color cap, darker in color, and the stem of the Psilocybe cyanescens is always white, except around the base where the dirt is. Also the gills are much lighter and whiter in color then the galerinas. The galerina's always had a orangeish/brown color stem and veils, and the cap was orangeish brown as well. Once your out there picking them its easy to tell them apart if you have good eyesight and know what your looking for. If ever in doubt, also you can do a spore sample as the spores of the deadly galerina will be rusty as where the Psilocybe cyanescens will be purplish brown to black. Please be carefull and dont pick anything your unsure of, its just not worth dying over. Ok... time to test yourself on some identification. Below are some close ups of a Psilocybe cyanescens growing right next to the deadly galerina and some inky caps. There is only ONE Psilocybe cyanescens in these pictures. The first 2 pictures will show top views, the 3rd pic will show the gills and stems of the mushrooms. Then, the answer will be given in the following pics with a red arrow pointing out the Psilocybe cyanescens. Can you tell the difference? |
Well.. how did you do? This picture was staged. Sorry.. once again during all the excitement I should have tooken some better pictures. But none the less... in alder mulch, grass.. everywhere the galerinas were very close by. Growing tips for P. cyanescensYou dont need to make syringes from ps cyanescens, or inoculate grain as spawn. Prepare your alder wood, sterilize it. Preferable 4:1 alder sawdust to alder wood chips, small chips. Only use a small amount to start with, say about 6 to 8 cups worth of alder wood. Just scrape the spores directly on the the sterilized, moist wood. Incubate it, indoors at around 70f -75F. It will take a good 6-8 weeks for that wood to fully colonize.Use that as more spawn to slowly start inoculating more larger volumes of wood for anther 2 months. Then plant your patch outdoors with more fresh alder wood. If you can get it planted outdoors by the end of April, you'll have good chances for it to fruit by fall. If not, they may not fruit until the following spring or fall. Psilocybe cyanescens are slow growing. If you dont see germination, then lower the temps to about 55F for about 2 weeks. They are a temperate species so sometimes even to germinate they like the cold weather to begin with. After they start germinating and growing, you can bring the temps back up to around 70-75F to speed up the spawn run. But they still will only fruit outdoors when the climate is right, lots of rain and low temps between 45-60F. source - www.thehawkseye.com Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
Growth parameters: Substrate: Wood chips. Temperature: colonisation/fruiting: 16-24°C / 10-15°C |
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Psilocybe cyanofibrillosaPsilocybe cyanofibrillosa Guzmán & Stamets synonyms: Psilocybe rhododendronensis |
DESCRIPTION 1 Description: Scattered to gregarious among bush lupines in alder and willow wood chips and bark mulch. Common among rhododendron gardens and nurseries and flood plains near river estuaries. From northern California (Eureka/Arcada) north to British Columbia, Canada. September to December. High in psilocin and low in psilocybin. Loses over 70% or more of their potency in drying. A few hundred pounds of this species mixed with Psilocybe cyanescens was collected from mulch piled along side of I-5 highway on both sides of the road between Eureka and Arcada, California. I myself have only collected this species a few times in a twenty year period. source - www.mushroomjohn.org DESCRIPTION 2 Macroscopic feat.:
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Season: September to December. Habitat: Fruiting in the Pacific Northwest. Just like Psilocybe baeocystis they grow mostly grass, but sometimes in mixed mulch, in soils enriched with deciduous wood debris, in Alder and Willow wood chips and bark mulch, Fir sawdust, in coastal regions, in rhododendron gardens and nurseries, and in flood plains in river estuaries. Scattered to gregarious. Blueing: Bruising when handled, mostly in the pileus margin but also on the stem and base. Dosage: 1 large specimen, 2 to 5 small specimens. High in psilocin and low in psilocybin. Loses over 70% or more of their potency in drying. Notes: "I have found stuntzii, baeos, and fibs within a 25' radius. They like old, well kept grass that has weeds" (NeoSporen). Both psilocybin and psilocin (0.05 mg per gram dry weight and 1.4 mg per gram psilocin) were detected by Beug and Bigwood. source - www.shroomery.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe cyanofranciscanasynonyms: Psilocybe allenii Borov., Rockefeller & P.G.Werner (2012) Psilocybe cyanofranciscana nom. prov. Psilocybe cyanofriscosa (improper latin): Cyclone Psilocybe |
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Habitat: Wood debris, landscaped areas. Comment: Psilocybe cyanofranciscana is a newly acknowledged species in the California Bay Area and has not yet been officially described. The name "Psilocybe cyanofranciscana" is provisional and probably won't be retained upon publication in a scientific journal Stamets (2005) coined the name "Cyclone" Psilocybe to describe the cyclonic (swirled) growth of the mycelium on agar, a feature often not present. This is possibly an introduced species that appears to be aggressively spreading and perhaps displacing its close relative, Psilocybe cyanescens, but there is also evidence that this species has been present in San Francisco since at least 1975 (Duffy and Vergeer, 1977). Microscopically Psilocybe cyanofranciscana and Psilocybe cyanescens are virtually indistinguishable but the mushrooms are easily separated in the field based on macroscopic features. Psilocybe cyanofranciscana is typically larger, more squat, paler in coloration, and lacks the wavy cap margin, especially when young, of Psilocybe cyanescens. Superficially, Psilocybe cyanofranciscana resembles the smaller Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa, but the microscopic features do not agree and it doesn't appear to be closely related. source - www.sporeworks.com Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe dumontiiPsilocybe dumontii Sing. ex Guzmán, sp. nov. |
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Habitat: On rotten wood in subtropical forest at 1800 m elevation. Known only from the type locality. Studied material: PANAMA, Prov. Chiriqui, Cerro Punta, near Nueva Suiza, July 3, 1975, Dumont PA-2074 (Holotype NY; Isotype at ENCB). Discussion: This species is close to Psilocybe yungensis Sing. S. Smith, but differs in the smaller and brownish cheilocystidia. The brownish cheilocystidia connects Psilocybe dumontii with those species described by Guzmán (1977-A) from the tropical rain forests of Mexico such as Psilocybe singerii Guzmán, Psilocybe weldenii Guzmán and others. The species is named after Dr. K. Dumont, collector of the type material, in recognition of his enthusiastic mycological work in South America. source - www.mycotaxon.com [7 (2): 240] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe eucalyptaPsilocybe eucalypta Guzmán & Watling synonyms: Psilocybe subaeruginosa Guzmán & Watling (1978) Psilocybe australiana Guzmán & Watling (1978) Psilocybe tasmaniana Guzmán & Watling (1978) |
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Habitat: Solitary to gregarious on soils rich in woody debris, often in grassy areas with Eucalyptus trees. Reported from New South Wales, eastern Australia. Comment: Thought to be moderately active, but no analyses have yet been reported. Chang and Mills (1992) sought to show synonymy between Psilocybe australiana, Psilocybe eucalypta, Psilocybe subaeruginosa and Psilocybe tasmaniana, although, in the opinions of Guzmán, Bandal, and King (1993) and myself, they failed to conclusively prove their case. (See comments under Psilocybe subaeruginosa). Additionally, I find it difficult to accept their concept that, given the nature of close relatives in the genus Psilocybe, the same species can be both a coprophilic and lignicolous species. Hence, I am following Guzmán and treating these taxa as separate entities until further studies prove otherwise. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe fagicolaPsilocybe fagicola R. Heim & Cailleux synonyms: Psilocybe fagicola var. mesocystidiata Guzmán (1978) Psilocybe xalapensis Guzmán & López (1979) Psilocybe wassoniorum Guzmán & Pollock (1979) |
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Season: July to late August. Habitat: Solitary to small groups. Restricted to the Fagus forests of Mexico. On humus rich in leaves, or sometimes between mosses. At 1850 m. Blueing: Bruising blue when injured, may turn blackish blue on the pileus. Notes: Known only from the type locality. source - www.shroomery.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe farinaceaPsilocybe farinacea Rick ex Guzmán, sp. nov. synonyms: Psilocybe albofimbriata (Rick) Singer |
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Habitat: Gregarious on soil. Known only from the type locality. Studied material: BRAZIL, Sao Leopoldo, May 1908, Rick (Holotype, Lloyd Herb. 27598; BPI). Discussion: Psilocybe farinacea is very close to Psilocybe caerulescens Murr., but differs in the size of the spores and cheilocystidia. This species was named by Rick and sent to Lloyd but, apparently, was never described. Its bluing indicates that this species probably is hallucinogenic. source - www.mycotaxon.com [7 (2): 241] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe fimetariaPsilocybe fimetaria Orton synonyms: Stropharia fimetaria P.D.Orton (1964) |
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Habitat: Solitary to gregarious on horse manure, grassy areas in rich soils. Stamets (1996) reports that this species fruits in large rings. Distribution: Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, Canada. Season: October through December. Dosage: 15 to 30 fresh specimens or 1/4 fresh ounce. 1 to to grams dried. Comment: This species macroscopically resembles Psilocybe stuntzii and bares some similarity to Psilocybe semilanceata. A related species is Psilocybe subfimetaria, which is also similar in appearance to Psilocybe semilanceata. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe fuliginosaPsilocybe fuliginosa (Murrill) A.H. Sm. synonyms: Astylospora fuliginosa Murrill (1918) Psathyra fuliginosa (Murrill) Murrill (1918) Atylospora fuliginosa Murrill (1918) |
Description: Following data comes from couple sources: Spores and comment are taken from Psilocybe fuliginosa species description in Mycologia 40 (6): 697. Pileus, stipe, lamellae, distribution and some of spores comes from Astylospora fuliginosa synonym description from Mycologia 10 (1): 25. Macroscopic feat.:
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Distribution: Type collected in damp soil at Morce's Gap, near Cinchona, Jamaica, 1500 m elevation, December 29, 30, January 2, 1908-9, W.A. & Edna L. Murrill 748 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.). Also collected at the same time and place, W.A. & Edna L. Murrill 680. Comment: Dr. Burke has sent me material from Alabama which appears to belong here though the spores vary slightly, being somewhat longer. They range from 6.5 to 8 µm. For Psilocybe fuliginosa the habitat on bare earth, the dry pileus, shape of spores in face view, and fuligineous cast of the carphophore are apparently distinctive. Murril described it as Atylospora fuliginosa (Mycologia 10: 25, 1918). source - www.mycologia.org [10 (1): 25, 40 (6): 697] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe furtadoanaPsilocybe furtadoana Guzmán |
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Habitat: Solitary on soil in open forest of Araucaria brasiliana with Podocarpus. Known only from the type locality. Studied material: BRAZIL , 5 km West of Campos de Jardao, State of Sao Paulo, March 8, 1971, Guzmán 8918 (Holotype SP; Isotype ENCB). Discussion: This species is close to Psilocybe brasiliensis but the absence of pleurocystidia, the structures of the subhymenium, as well as the size of the spores and cheilocystidia separate it clearly from the latter. This species is named in honor of Dr. J.S. Furtado who helped the author collected this and other fungi in Brazil. source - www.mycotaxon.com [7 (2): 242-243] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe galindoiPsilocybe galindoi Guzmán Nova Hedwigia synonyms: Psilocybe galindoi var. Georgia ATL#7 Large Sclerotia Psilocybe galindii |
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Habitat: Enriched Soils, Grasslands. Climate Warm temperate. Comment: This species forms sclerotia invitro. See also Psilocybe mexicana and Psilocybe tampanensis. Initially, this sample was described as Psilocybe atlantis and we assumed that was correct since no similar species were known in Georgia. Samples sent to Psilocybe expert Gaston Guzmán cast some doubt on the mushroom's actual identity, but no alternative identification was suggested. A direct comparison of samples with the published description of Psilocybe atlantis has confirmed Guzmán's findings. The strain ATL#7 is not Psilocybe atlantis, but is instead a related species in the Section Mexicanae. This new collection closely resembles Psilocybe galindoi (galindii), a species previously known only from Mexico. For lack of a better name, we are going to unofficially call this sample Psilocybe galindoi var. Georgia. If this species is described in a scientific journal and given a different name, we will amend this description. Efforts are now underway to provide authenticated spore samples of Psilocybe atlantis. Both species can be viewed in the Sporeworks Microscopy Gallery Section Mexicanae for side by side comparisons of microscopic features. Note that the authentic Psilocybe atlantis cheilocystidia are irregularly branched and the Psilocybe galindoi var. Georgia are unbranched. Psilocybe atlantis spores are also somewhat smaller. Currently, no mushrooms matching this collection have been described as occurring in the United States. source - www.sporeworks.com Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe germanicaPsilocybe germanica Gartz (2015) |
Discussion: Psilocybe germanica was described as a new taxon from Germany. This species was found to be autumnal and lignicolous, living in soils enriched with deciduous wood-debris, and featured strong blueing behaviour after bruising and ageing. It contained high amounts of psilocybin and baeocystin. This mushroom appears to be the first described species derived from wood chips that contains significant amounts of baeocystin in the absence of psilocin. The novel species was differentiated from other psychoactive taxons such as Psilocybe cyanescens, Psilocybe azurescens and Psilocybe bohemica in combination from features of the stipes and caps. As it was observed previously with the potent psychoactive species Psilocybe cyanescens, it is expected that Psilocybe germanica might be found to achieve a remarkably wide area of distribution in the future given the modern use of mulch in parks and gardens. Macroscopic feat.:
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Habitat: Gregarious to cespitose on deciduous on wood chips from various plants, also on bark in mixture with soil and other wood debris. Distribution: Until now, the mushrooms have only been observed to grow in parks. Holotypus: a gathering (8th October 2014, Dippoldiswalde, Germany) is deposited in the herbarium of the botanical museum Berlin / Dahlem (B). Season: Observed growing is from September to December. Comment: The tiny species Psilocybe serbica Moser & Horak showed features for caps and stipes similar to Psilocybe bohemica. The microscopic features are comparable to other wood-loving Psilocybe species as is the case with Psilocybe germanica. Chemical analyses of five Psilocybe germanica mushrooms samples revealed the presence of significant amounts of psilocybin and baeocystin. This was consistent with qualitative TLC analysis of 30 samples from 2013 and 35 extracted samples from 2014 and psilocin was not detected. Psilocybe germanica showed similar alkaloid levels to what is known about Psilocybe semilanceata with only traces of psilocin. Psilocybe azurescens is generally considered more potent and, in addition to psilocybin and baeocystin, is also displaying comparatively large amounts of psilocin. Both Psilocybe cyanescens and Psilocybe bohemica typically show the presence of psilocybin and traces of baeocystin. A large variation in psilocybin levels are frequently encountered. In contrast to Psilocybe bohemica, Psilocybe cyanescens can also contain large amounts of psilocin. In addition, the new indole derivative aeruginascin was not detected in any of the mushrooms. As far as it is currently known, this trimethylammonium analog of psilocybin has only been reported to occur in the hallucinogenic species Inocybe aeruginascens Babos. Psilocybe semilanceata is the best studied psychoactive mushroom species in the world and is known to contain psilocybin and baeocystin. Previous investigations in 1994 have shown that the use pure methanol yielded the authentic indole derivatives from dried mushrooms and the use of aqueous solvents resulted in hydrolysis of psilocybin and baeocystin to give psilocin. source - www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ [31 March 2015] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe gallaeciaePsilocybe gallaeciae Guzmán & M.L. Castro (2003) |
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Habitat: Gregarious in soil, in grassland and gardens. Known only from Galicia, Spain, where it is common. Studied material: SPAIN, La Coruña, Monfero, Caaveiro, 23 November 1997, J. Comesaña "C" (holotype XAL, isotype MA-Fungi 56866, LOU-Fungi 17969). Pontevedra, Vigo, 5 November 1999, J, Pérez (LOU-Fungi 17970; XAL); F. Valeiras "B" (LOU-Fungi 17968; XAL); Campus Universitario, As Lagoas-Marcosende, 6 October 2000, I. Otero & J.M Perdiz (LOU-Fungi 17967; 10 October 2001, J. Granda (LOU-Fungi 17972); 5 November 1999, F. Valeiras "A" (XAL); Nigrán, Chandebrito, 23-28 November 1997, J. Comesaña "B" (XAL); 5 November 1999, F Valeiras "A" (XAL); Gondomar, Pinzas, Donas, 9 November 2001, X. Bellón et al. (LOU-Fungi 17971); November 2000, A. Lorenzo-García 2 (XAL); Grove, October 2000, I. Seral-Bozal (XAL); Pontevedra, without locality, October 1998, J. Ott 98-002 (XAL). Discussion: Psilocybe gallaeciae belongs to section Mexicanae Guzmán, following GUZMÁN (1983) for the form and size of their thick-walled spores, and its bluing basidioma. For the pseudorhiza it is closely related to Psilocybe galindii Guzmán (1983) from Mexico and Psilocybe antioquensis Guzmán et al. (1994) from Colombia, but those species have cheilocystidia 14-19 µm long and 15-20 µm long, respectively. Psilocybe mexicana R. Heim has neither pseudorhiza nor pleurocystidia, and it is known only from Mexico and Guatemala. This is the first record of a species of the section Mexicanae found in Europe. Their members are known from Mexico, U.S.A. (Florida), Colombia, Brazil and Thailand (Guzmán, 1995). The local Galician people use Psilocybe gallaeciae recreationally for its hallucinogenic properties. Psilocybe serbica reported by Freire et al. (1994) from Galicia, without any description, probably is Psilocybe gallaeciae. Psilocybe serbica belongs to section Semilanceatae and it is known only from central Europa (Guzmán, 1983). source - Boletim da Sociedade Micológica de Madrid [27 (2003) 185-186] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe graveolensPsilocybe graveolens Peck |
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Habitat: Psilocybe graveolens is found growing cespitose to gregarious on rich loam of salt marshes or "meadows" in Hackensack, New Jersey, in November. Discussion: Psilocybe graveolens is an extremely rare psilocybin mushroom in the section Zapotacorum, which has psilocybin and psilocin as main active compounds, discovered in the salt marshes or "meadows" of Hackensack, New Jersey. This mushroom is known for its strong and persistent odor. It is in the section Zapotecorum; other members of this section include Psilocybe angustipleurocystidiata, Psilocybe argentipes, Psilocybe collybioides, Psilocybe kumaenorum, Psilocybe muliercula, Psilocybe pintonii, Psilocybe subcaerulipes and Psilocybe zapotecorum. The species name means "strongly smelling": Latin gravis "heavy" and olens participle present of olere "smell". source - www.wikipedia.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe guatapensisPsilocybe guatapensis Guzmán, Saldarriaga, Pineda, Garcí et Velázquez |
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Habitat: Caespitose and gregarious, in orange brown clay soil covered by mosses, in a road embankment, in a subtropical forest with (Podocarpus), at 1850 m alt. Known only from the type locality. Studied material: COLOMBIA, Departamento Antioquia, Municipio Guatapé, Finca Montepinar, Sept. 15, 1990, Guzmán 29571-B (holotype HUA, isotype XAL). Discussion: This species is close to Psilocybe cordispora Heim, known only from Mexico, but differs by the bulbous base of the stipe, the mamillate pileus, and the smaller cheilocystidia [(20-) 25-35 x 5-6 µm in Psilocybe cordispora]. Other allied species is Psilocybe mammillata (Murr.) Smith, which lacks a bulbous stipe and differs also by its cheilocystidia 12-17 µm (Guzmán, 1983). All these fungi, including Psilocybe guatapensis, belong to Sect. Cordispora that have hallucinogenic properties. source - www.mycotaxon.com [51: 228-229] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe guilartensisPsilocybe guilartensis Guzmán, Tapia & Nieves-Rivera (1997) |
DESCRIPTION 1 Description: Psilocybe guilartensis is a psilocybin mushroom which has psilocybin and psilocin as main active compounds. It is common in Puerto Rico. First reported in the literature in 1997, Gastón Guzmán placed Psilocybe guilartensis in Psilocybe section Brunneocystidiatae due to its blue staining reaction, small thick-walled subrhomboid spores, and pigmented cystidia. Other mushrooms in the section Brunneocystidiatae include Psilocybe banderillensis, Psilocybe banderillensis var. paulensis, Psilocybe brunneocystidia, Psilocybe heimii, Psilocybe inconspicua, Psilocybe pleurocystidiosa, Psilocybe rzedowski, Psilocybe singerii, Psilocybe uxpanapensis, Psilocybe veraecrucis and Psilocybe weldenii. Macroscopic feat.:
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Habitat: Psilocybe guilartensis is found growing gregariously, often on disturbed bare clay or moss. Found along hiking trails, in coffee plantations, tropical and subtropical forests, especially in landslide areas. Known only from Puerto Rico and Dominican Republic. source - www.wikipedia.org DESCRIPTION 2 Description: An emendation of Psilocybe guilartensis, sis presented because morphological features that were not presented in the original protolog of this species (Guzmán et al 1997) have been discovered. Additional taxonomic features include a setaceous and tomentose, mustard-yellow surface coating on the lower part of the stipe, presence of two types of pleuro- and cheilocystidia, cheilocystidia with irregular encrustations at the base, and an occasional odor of mustard. Macroscopic feat.:
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Habitat: Gregarious on bare clay, covered with mosses, mainly on landslide slopes, in tropical and subtropical forests, known only in Puerto Rico and Dominican Republic. Studied material: PUERTO RICO, Mun. Adjuntas, Guilarte State Forest, trail to Monte Guilarte Peak, Sep 1994, Nieves-Rivera, Santos-Flores & Betancourt, ledger Nieves Rivera PR-1 (holotype Mapr; isotype Xal). Mun. Villalba, Toro Negro State Forest, trail to Tower 3, Oct 1994, Nieves-Rivera, Santos-Flores & Betancourt (MAPR; NY as Psilocybe plutonia). Mun. Río Grande, Mountains Luquillo, El Verde Research Area, 18 Sep 1999, Rosa & Prieto (PR-3539); Carrasquillo (PR-3537); 19 Feb 1998, Laboy (PR-4862). Caribbean National Forest, Sabana, 3 Jun 1998, Baroni 8744 (CORT); El Yunque, Caimitillo Trail, 29 Jun 1991, Baroni 7983 (CORT); El Verde, 19 Jun 1996, Baroni 7900 (CORT). La Mina Research Area, La Coca Trail, 25 Jun 1997, Llorens, Bonilla & Cantrell (PR-4834); 23 May 2000, Cantrell & Salgado, ledger Cantrell PR-0019 (PR-6166); 26 Nov 1999, Salgado & Argüello-López (PR-5922). Caimitillo Trail, 6 Jun 1997, Llorens (PR-4325); Nieves-Rivera, Llorens & Serrano (PR-4392); 19 Jun 1997, Nieves-Rivera, Llorens & Serrano (PR-4392); 19 Jun 1997, Nieves-Rivera, Llorens & Serrano (PR-4393); Nieves-Rivera, Llorens, Serrano & Bonilla, ledger Nieves-Rivera PR-791 (PR-4394); 11 Jul 1997, Baroni, ledger Nieves-Rivera 796 (PR-4400). Mount Britton Trail, 15 Jul 1997, Llorens & Rodríuez (PR-4835). El Toro Trail, 2 Jul 1997, Cantrell, Nieves-Rivera, Serrano & Llorens (PR-4840). Mun. Luquillo, Luquillo Mountains, Bisley Watersheads, trail to tower, 6 Jun 1997, Lodge (PR-4399); 26 Jun 1997, Llorens (PR-4841). Palo Hueco, El Cacique Area, 10 Jul 1998, Cantrell, Laboy & Negrón, ledger Cantrell PR-9869 (PR-4882); 2 Jul 1999, Cantrell & Laboy (PR-5680). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, Prov. Santiago, Los Montones Convention Center, altitude 800 m, 27 Nov 1999, Baroni 9028 (DR-1064). Discussion: The discovery that all collections of Psilocybe guilartensis s have setaceous hyphae at the base of the stipe is a significant addition to the circumscription of this taxon and provides a very helpful character in distinguishing this species. The distinctive pleuro- and cheilocystidia also are important characters that help to define Psilocybe guilartensis. Psilocybe guilartensis is the most common species of Psilocybe collected in Puerto Rico, as evidenced by the numerous collections documenting its abundance. It tends to fruit on bare clay along hiking trails where disturbance has occurred. Its relative abundance might be the result of being collected in readily accessible areas. The record from the Dominican Republic is the first report of this species from the island of Hispaniola, although this collection (Baroni 9028) lacks the yellowish or grayish opaque pleurocystidia and the brownish or grayish opaque cheilocystidia that are typical of Psilocybe guilartensis. However, the presence of the highly distinctive setaceous hyphae at the base of the stipe indicates this collection has strong phenotypic affinities with Psilocybe guilartensis. The lack of pigments in the hymenial cystidia might be due to the immaturity of the specimens that make up this collection. For now, based on macromorphology, basidiospore morphology and setaceous hyphae at the base of the stipe, we consider this collection as conspecific with Psilocybe guilartensis. As pointed out by Guzmána et al (1997) Psilocybe guilartensis belongs in section Brunneocystidiatae because of the pigmented hymenial cystidia, thick-walled rhomboid or subrhomboid basidiospores that are less than 8 µm long and bluing of the basidiomata when injured. The setaceous hyphae at the base of the stipe, the two distinct types of pleuro- and cheilocystidia, especially the hyaline inflated cheilocystidia with encrusted bases and bifurcate branched apices, are features that clearly separate Psilocybe guilartensis from the similar Psilocybe pleurocystidiosa (Guzmán 1983). source - www.mycologia.org [95 (6): 1178-1179] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe heimiiPsilocybe heimii Guzmán (1978) |
Macroscopic feat.:
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Solitary or in small groups on humus or muddy soil in deciduous forests of Liquidambar-Quercus at 500-1400 m elevation. Distribution: Known only from the subtropical forests of Mexico. Season: Fruiting in the summer months of June-August. Dosage: Unknown. Comment: Pileus, stipe and context staining green-blue to blackish when bruised. This species was named in honor of French mycologist Roger Heim, who along with Dr. Wasson contributed important studies concerning the sacred mushrooms of Mexico. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe heliconiaePsilocybe heliconiae Guzmán, Saldarriaga, Pineda, Garcí et Velázquez |
Macroscopic feat.:
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Solitary or caespitose, on soil in tropical rain forest, at 500-1000 m alt. Known only from the regions of Nariño and Caquetá in Department Antioquía, at Colombia. One of the studied specimens brought from Caquetá (Parra & Echeverry 2), grew at a flowerpot with (Heliconia) in a greenhouse in Medellín. Studied material: COLOMBIA, Departamento Antioquia, Nariñ region, Puente Linda, Sept. 15, 1990, G. Parra s.n. (holotype HUA, isotype XAL) Caquetá region, Aug. 30, 1990, G. Parra & B. Echeverry 2 (HUA, XAL). Discussion: The form and size of the pleurocystidia separate this species from Psilocybe wrightii Guzmán and Psilocybe brasiliensis Guzmán, the former only known from central Argentina and the second from the Sao Paulo Region in Brazil (Guzmán, 1983). These species including Psilocybe heliconiae belong to Sect. Cordispora. source - www.mycotaxon.com [51: 229-230] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe herreraePsilocybe herrerae Guzmán (1978) |
Macroscopic feat.:
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Solitary to gregarious, often along road cuts, in soils high in sand and clay, and in open forests dominated by pines, sweetgums, and oaks. Found in June and July in Chiapas and Veracruz, Mexico. Comment: Judging by the rapid bluing reaction, Psilocybe herrerae is probably potent, but it has not yet been analyzed. The long pseudorhiza delineates this species from most others. See also Psilocybe wassoniorum, macroscopically similar (except for the length of the pseudorhiza) but lacking pleurocystidia. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe hispanicaPsilocybe hispanica Guzmán (2000) |
The Psilocybe hispanica is a new species discoverd by Ignacio Seral in 98' growing high in the hills of spain. It tends to grow in colder temps, and has even been seen growing in snow. This mushroom was fround growing on horse dung, next to patches of Psilocybe semilanceata's. The discoverer of the Psilocybe hispanica contacted Paul Stamets last October, unfortuanatly Stamets schedule was to full and a European mycologist named Giorgio Samorini from Italy flew to spain and did some research to find this was a whole new mushroom and classified it as the Psilocybe hispanica. Rumor also has it this mushroom will be featured in Paul Stamets next book Psilocybe Mushrooms of the World, Part 2 (cant wait for that one, I'm sure it will be another excellent book by Paul). We do have spore prints of this species currently, and may have some syringes soon. Its potency is said to be a very nice clean high, more potent then cubensis, but less potent then azures, more closely to that of Panaeolus species. Some more detailed information from Ignacio on this mushrooms growing conditions. The hispanica appears in horse dung about the 1 of october and finish about the 1 of november.... at 1700- 2000 metres high.... the latitude of spain makes the altitude date more relevant... keep in mind that in those mountains water become ice at night and the hispanicas resist freezing temps very well so there is a very cold temps at night about +5 to -5 at night and +5 to 20 at the daytime always celsius degrees. New information from a Psilocybe hispanica fruiting in San Francisco, CA, USA Feb, 2000 !!!! Yes.. the Psilocybe hispanica has been fruited now !!! A big atta boy goes out to Raja from San Francisco for fruiting the Psilocybe hispanica. What amazed me is it only took 3 months from inoculation to fruiting. Most of us were assuming a year long outdoor bed, so this is great news for us to get motivated on this new species. source - www.thehawkseye.com Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe hoogshageniiPsilocybe hoogshagenii Heim (1958) synonyms: Psilocybe caerulipes var. gastonii Singer Psilocybe zapotecorum Heim sensu Singer Psilocybe semperviva Heim and Callieux |
Macroscopic feat.:
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Solitary to gregarious in muddy clay soils in subtropical coffee plantations. Found in June and July in Mexico (Puebla, Oaxaca, and Chiapas) and in February in Argentina. Also reported from Brazil and Colombia. Comment: Moderately active. Specimens from Brazil yielded up to 0.30% psilocybin and 0.30% psilocin (Stijve and de Meijer 1993). A variety of this mushroom, Psilocybe hoogshagenii Heim var. convexa Guzmán is only slightly umbonate, has a convex cap, and is conspecific with Psilocybe semperviva Heim i Callieux. This variety is most common in the state of Puebla, Mexico, and to a lesser degree in the states of Oaxaca and Hidalgo, fruiting from June to August. One of the most unusual looking Psilocybes yet discovered, this mushroom is quite potent. Heim and Hofmann (1958) found 0.60% psilocybin and 0.10% psilocin (as Psilocybe semperviva Heim and Caillieux) from cultivated specimens. Guzmán (1983) reported that this mushroom grows at 1000-1800 meters in elevation (Argentina) and is commonly seen by coffee growers who report massive flushes coming up in unison and soon disappearing. See also Psilocybe brasiliensis. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe inconspicuaPsilocybe inconspicua Guzmán & Horak |
Macroscopic feat.:
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Gregarious in small groups on soil among litter in Araucaria cunninghamii. Known from Papua New Guinea only. Studied material: PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Morobe District, Bulolo, Susu; 15. I. 1973, leg. HORAK (Holotype ZT, 72/751; isotype in ENCB). Discussion: This small Psilocybe is a very distinct species. Psilocybe inconspicua has no obvious relationships to other taxa of this genus except with some species described by Guzmán (1977) from the tropical forests of Mexico. The brownish cheilocystidia represent the most prominent taxonomic character. Due to its systematic position it is likely that Psilocybe inconspicua is an hallucinogenic fungus. source - www.sydowia.at [31: 50-51] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe inquilinaPsilocybe inquilina (Fries ex Fries) Bresadola synonyms: Deconica inquilina (Fries) Romagn. Psilocybe ecbola (Fries) Singer Psilocybe muscorum (P.D. Orton) M.M. Moser 1967 |
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Solitary to gregarious, commonly on the base of grass stems in open areas, occasionally on rotting twigs or in rich soils. A temperate species, Psilocybe inquilina is widely distributed, reported from North America (California, Oregon, and Washington), South America (Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay), and Europe (Denmark, Finland, France, Hungary, Sweden, and Switzerland). Undoubtedly more widely distributed than presently reported. Comment: Not known to be active. I frequently find Psilocybe inquilina growing from the bases of matted, rotting grass in the fall. The mushrooms are difficult to harvest without either the stems breaking or clumps of dead grass being pulled up with each specimen. This feature, combined with the nearly decurrent gills, the convex cap, and the deeply translucent-striate margins, distinguishes this species macroscopically. See also Psilocybe crobula and Psilocybe montana. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe jacobsiiPsilocybe jacobsii Guzmán |
Psilocybe jacobsii Guzmán was described in the Sect. Cordispora from Mexico (Guzmán, 1983), based on its well developed annulus. After examination of the type (at ENCB) and the
relating notes, it is considered that it is a good representative of the Sect. Stuntzii. source - Bibliotheca Mycologica [159: 119] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe kumaenorumPsilocybe kumaenorum R.Heim (1967) |
Discussion: Psilocybe kumaenorum is known as koull tourroum, kougltourroum or koobl tourroum in Yuwi [Heim 1967] (Yoowi [REAY 1959]), the language of the Kuma (Heim 1967: 186; Heim 1978). However, Heim (1967: 186) suggested that the Kuma used these names for a variety of different mushrooms, so they are possibly of little use in distinguishing P. kumanorum from other mushroom species found at Kondambi. Macroscopic feat.:
source - www.shaman-australis.com Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe liniformansPsilocybe liniformans Guzmán & Bas (1977) |
Macroscopic feat.:
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Scattered to gregarious on horse dung or in manure enriched soil in meadows and pastures. Distribution: Washington and Oregon. Probably in British Columbia, Canada. Season: Summer through autumn. Dosage: Weakly to moderately active. 10 to 20 fresh specimens. Comment: Another rare species from the Pacific Northwest of the United States. A similar species, Psilocybe liniformans Guzmán i Bas var. liniformans is common in the Netherlands. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe luteonitensPsilocybe luteonitens (Fr.) Park.-Rhodes 1951 synonyms: Stropharia umbonatescens (Peck) Saccardo Stropharia luteonitens, [RSD]
|
Macroscopic feat.:
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Gregarious on dung in the fall in the Pacific Northwest. Reported from Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Michigan, and New York in the summer to early fall. Also reported from Mexico, Europe, and Asia. Comment: The habitat preference, distinctly umbonate and yellowish cap, and the white membranous partial veil all make this species easy to recognize. Additionally, the veil remnants usually adhere to the cap margin rather than the stem, especially evident when young. See also Psilocybe semiglobata and Psilocybe fimetaria. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe magnivelarisPsilocybe magnivelaris (Peck) Noordel. 1995 synonyms: Leratiomyces magnivelaris (Peck) Bridge & Spooner Psilocybe percevalii (Berkeley i Broome) Orton Stropharia percevalii (Berkeley i Broome) Saccardo Stropharia magnivelaris Peck Nematoloma magnivelaris (Peck) Singer |
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Scattered to gregarious, preferring sandy soils, alluvial plains, and/or soils rich in woody debris of Salix (willow) and Almus (alder). Found from May to November in the United States (Alaska, Washington, Oregon, possibly Colorado), northern Europe, and the British Isles. Likely to be much more widely distributed than presently reported. Comment: Not active, edibility unknown. The well-developed membranous annulus, the nonbluing flesh, its modest size, and its habitat, all give clues to its identification. This mushroom is similar to Psilocybe squamosa and Psilocybe thrausta, and can be separated with certainty by the length of the cheilocystidia. Stropharia riparia is generally similar. See also Psilocybe subaeruginascens. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe maireiPsilocybe mairei Singer (1973) synonyms: Psilocybe maire Singer sensu Guzmán Hypholoma cyanescens Maire |
Macroscopic feat.:
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Known only from North Africa (Morocco and Algeria) in October through December. Grows gregariously on soil rich in woody debris, in forests mixed with pine (Pinus pinaster), fir (Abies pinsapo) and oak (Quercus ilicis and Quercus pyrenaica). The identification of collections from Europe as Psilocybe mairei are doubtful, and according to Guzmán' (1983) were probably Psilocybe serbica and allies. Comment: Probably potent, judging by the bluing reaction, although no analyses have been published. This is the only wood-decomposing, bluing Psilocybe reported from North Africa. Prior to the expansion of the Sahara desert, North Africa enjoyed a moister climate and undoubtedly hosted many more mushrooms than are known today. One wonders if Psilocybe mairei is a surviving remnant of a species that was once much more common. I am reminded of the cave art representing a beelike shaman undergoing a mushroom experience from the Tassili plateau in Northern Algeria, and I'm struck by the fact that this is the only species of Psilocybe presently known in that area. Given that the Tassili plateau was running with rivers at the time the artist lived, the alluvial plains would have been perfect for supporting species like Psilocybe mairei. Could this have been the mushroom the artist used? See also Psilocybe cyanescens, Psilocybe serbica, and allies. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe makaroraePsilocybe makarorae P.R.Johnst. & P.K.Buchanan (1995) |
Macroscopic feat.:
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Found scattered to gregarious on rotting wood and twigs (Nothofagus) near lakes and picnic grounds in the vicinity of Makarora, New Zealand (Otago Lakes and Franz Josef Glacier) in the fall. Probably more widely distributed. Comment: Potency unknown but probably moderately active given the bluing reaction. This newly described species by Johnston and Buchanan (1996) resembles Psilocybe caerulipes, but the presence of pleurocystidia and longer-necked cheilocystidia delineates Psilocybe makarorae from this taxon. Worthy of note is that the two authors work closely with, are consulted by, and paid by law-enforcement officials to help in the prosecution of unlucky collectors. See also Psilocybe australiana, Psilocybe eucalypta, Psilocybe subaeruginosa. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe mammillataPsilocybe mammillata (Murrill) A. H. Sm. 1948 |
Macroscopic feat.:
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Solitary to gregarious, infrequently cespitose, in soils rich in woody debris, in humus, and sometimes on clay soils. Found along trails, shady banks, and in coffee plantations. Discovered by Dr. Thiers in Florida Highlands Hammock State Park). Also reported from Jamaica, Mexico, and Bolivia. Comment: Guzmán et al. (1993) reports that this species is active, although no analyses are cited. The classic bluing reaction leaves little doubt about its activity, although estimation of potency would be purely speculative. This mushroom is probably widely distributed throughout much of Florida but goes unrecognized by most hunters of the more massive Psilocybe cubensis. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe merdariaPsilocybe merdaria (Fr.) Ricken synonyms: Agaricus merdarius Fr. Stropharia merdaria (Fr.) Quél. Geophila merdaria (Fr.) Quél. Fungus merderius (Fr.) Kuntze Psalliota merdaria (Fr.) Henn. Deconica merdaria (Fr.) Noordel. |
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Scattered to numerous on dung. Reported from California, Oregon, Washington, and the northern Midwest of the United States. Widely spread throughout the world, this mushroom has been collected in Canada, Europe, the former USSR, and Japan. Psilocybe merdaria is probably more widespread than the literature presently indicates. It prefers a temperate zone.. Comment: Not known to be active; not sufficiently studied for chemical content. In temperate zones, Psilocybe merdaria is common dung dweller, along with Psilocybe semiglobata and Psilocybe papilionaceus. The annulus is typically located in the lower regions of the stem, or at most mid distance, but not superior. This species is virtually identical to Psilocybe moelleri, which has larger spores: 13-14 (16) by 7-8 µm. See also Psilocybe coprophila and Psilocybe subviscida. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe meridensisPsilocybe meridensis Guzmán |
Macroscopic feat.:
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Gregarious on soil, in a subtropical forest ("bosque ombrofilo montano siempre verde") with Cyathea and Blechnum at 2400 m of elevation. Known only from the type locality. Studied material: VENEZUELA:: Márida State, Parque Sierra Nevada, Telefárico de Márida, La Montana Station, May 23, 1993, Marcano & Guzmán s.n. (Guzmán 30806), (Holotype Herb. Univ. de Los Andes, Fac. Farmacia 8001; izotyp XAL). Discussion: The presence of an annulus relates this species to Psilocybe argentipes Yokoyama from Japan and Psilocybe graveolens Peck from U.S., but the former has no pleurocystidia and the latter has broader spores [4.5-5(-6) µm] and hyaline to brownish pleurocystidia. Its habit is similar to that of Psilocybe zapotecorum and Psilocybe angustipleurocystidiata, but those species have no annulus, and the pleurocystidia are vesiculose submucronate or subfusiform, 5.5-14 µm wide in the former, and 3-6.5 µm wide in the latter. The strong blue-green to blackish or black reaction in all parts of the basidiome, including the gills, as well as the pungent taste, are two conspicuous features of Psilocybe meridensis. source - Bibliotheca Mycologica [159: 103-105] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe mescaleroensisPsilocybe mescaleroensis Guzmán, Walstad, E. Gándara & Ram.-Guill. |
DESCRIPTION 1 Macroscopic feat.:
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Grows scattered to gregariously on dead grasses, in grasslands and savanna near ponderosa pine woodlands, often near gopher holes. Found in the summer and fall in the Sierra Blanca range of New Mexico, near Mescalero, New Mexico. So far it has only been collected in or near the type locality. source - www.wikipedia.org DESCRIPTION 2 Macroscopic feat.:
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Rarely solitary, frequently scattered to gregarious, also caespitose on rich soil or decaying grasses, in grasslands near to a Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex C. Lawson forest, commonly associated with the holes of gophers. Observed in summer and autumn. Known only from the type locality. Studied material: UNITED STATES, New Mexico: Mescalero Range, Sierra Blanca, Lincoln Co., near town Mescalero, July 2004, Walstad s.n. (holotype XAL, isotype NY). Discussion: This new species belongs to section Stuntzii Guzmán (Guzmán 1983), because of the subrhomboid, thick-walled basidiospores, presence of an annulus, and the bluing feature. It differs from Psilocybe stuntzii Guzmán & J. Ott (Guzmán 1983, Guzmán & Ott 1976) for its more robust basidiomata with subradicating and strigose stipe bases and cheilocystidia lacking elongate and flexuous necks. Psilocybe stuntzii has a (5-) 10-20 (-35) mm diam pileus and lageniform cheilocistidia with long necks (Guzmán & Ott 1976). Also Psilocybe stuntzii is known only from the Pacific regions of Canada and the USA. Although information gathered by Walstad and friends is somewhat confusing, it is probable that Psilocybe mescaleroensis had or still has a sacred use among Indians. source - www.mycotaxon.com [99: 225-226] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe mexicanaPsilocybe mexicana Heim 1957 |
Sclerotia giving strain see: P. mexicana A. Mushrooms giving strain see: P. mexicana B. Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe mexicana „A“Psilocybe mexicana „A“ Heim 1957 |
Psilocybe mexicana grows solitary to gregarious in meadows, often in horse pastures and in soils rich in manure. It is most common at 1000-1800 m in elevation. This species is found in June through September in subtropical Mexico. This species was highly sought after for years because of it's sclerotia forming abilities. The two mexicana strains we sell were originally brought into circulation by Sporeworks. On sterilised grass seed, rice and millet the 'A' strain produces large sclerotia, hardened mycelial structures that contain psilocybin and psilocin. Sclerotia usually enlarge until about 3 months after inoculation after which they can be harvested. Mushroom production is limited and few mushrooms can be harvested. However, large sclerotia form in the casing soil of fruiting trays. If you are interested in growing mushrooms of the Psilocybe mexicana we recommend you look at the 'B' strain. The 'B' strain does not produce sclerotia in uncased substrates, only in the casing layer of fruiting trays. This strain does produce massive flushes of mushrooms. The mycelium of the 'A' strain forms typical rings of sclerotia on malt extraxt agar. Sclerotia can be planted and mushrooms can form directly from them. In our standard jars with 110 grams of grass seed and 180 ml of water it produces an average of 90 grams fresh weight in 3 months. This species can also be succesfully grown in autoclavable spawnbags. Experiments have yet to determine the optimal substrate for this strain but so far grass seed, millet and rice have proven to be useful. Undoubtly there are more substrates that support sclerotia formation better than those three. source - www.mushmush.nl Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
Growth parameters: Substrate: Sterilised grass seed, millet and rice. Temperature: colonisation/fruiting: 24-27°C / 22-24°C |
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Psilocybe mexicana „B“Psilocybe mexicana „B“ Heim 1957 |
Psilocybe mexicana grows solitary to gregarious in meadows, often in horse pastures and in soils rich in manure. It is most common at 1000-1800 m in elevation. This species is found in June through September in subtropical Mexico. This species was highly sought after for years because of it's sclerotia forming abilities. The two mexicana strains we sell were originally brought into circulation by Sporeworks. This strain gives out abundant amount of mushroom and sclerotia on cased substrates of grass seed. The strain does not produce sclerotia invitro. If you are interested in growing sclerotia in vitro, we recommend you to look at the "A" strain. The "A" strain produce a lot of sclerotia on uncased substrates but gives off little of mushrooms. This mushroom is weak reproducer, to obtain good spores, we suggest you to wait untill caps will curl up completely. source - www.mushmush.nl Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
Growth parameters: Substrate: Sterilised grass seed, millet and rice. Temperature: colonisation/fruiting: 24-27°C / 22-24°C |
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Psilocybe microcystidiataPsilocybe microcystidiata Guzmán & Bononi synonyms: Psilocybe zapotecorum Heim emend Guzmán Psilocybe aggericola Singer & A.H. Sm. Psilocybe barrerae Cifuentes & Guzmán Psilocybe subzapotecorum Guzmán Psilocybe chaconii Guzmán, M. Torres & Ram.-Guill. Psilocybe bolivarii Guzmán, Ciencia (Méx.) Psilocybe zapotecorum var. ramulosum Psilocybe sanctorum Psilocybe sanctorum Guzmán Psilocybe candidipes Singer & A.H. Sm. Psilocybe aggericola var. alvaradoi Psilocybe zapotecorum f. elongata Psilocybe pseudozapotecorum Guzmán |
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Habitat: Gregarious on soil, only know from the type locality. Studied material: BRAZYL, Minas Gerais State, Pouso Alegre, Col. Pedro Küpper, December 1982 (SP-178161 Type). Discussion: This species belongs to the Section Zapotecorum because of the structure of the spores and the bluing feature of the fruit body (Guzmán, 1983). It differs from all the species of the Section in its small cheilocystidia, smaller even than those recently described in the same Section (Guzmán, 1982; Cifuentes & Guzmán, 1981) from Mexico. source - www.mycotaxon.com [19: 345] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe moravicaPsilocybe moravica Borov. (2003) synonyms: Psilocybe serbica M.M.Moser & E.Horak (1969) Psilocybe bohemica ©ebek (1983) Psilocybe arcana Borov. & Hlavácek (2001) |
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Habitat: In groups on woody debris in deciduous or mixed forests, in grass on woody debris in soil and underbrush of Utica or Rubus, often in localities disturbed by human influence with accumulation of woody waste. Distribution: It has been only reported from five distinct localities int he Czech Republic, 230-700 m above sea level. Season: Late September to end of November, or mid December depending on warm autumn months. Dosage: Unknown at present. Comment: This fungi according to the author smells sweet and spicy not farinaceous and taste rather bitter. 9 specimens of this mushroom from two localities in the Czech Republic were analysed for psilocin/psilocybin content and showed a high concentration of psilocin as compared to a low content of psilocybin. Higher concentrations of indole derivatives were found in fruitbodies obtained from lower elevations. This is the third bluing Psilocybe described in the Czech Republic. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe moseriPsilocybe moseri Guzmán |
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Habitat: Gregarious and caespitose on soil, in a tropical rain forest, 500 m elevation. Known only from the type locality. Studied material: MEXICO: State of Chiapas, road Ocozocuatla to Apic-Pac (Malpaso Dam), Laguna Bálgica, Sept. 26,1993, Guzmán 30723 (Holotype, XAL). Discussion: Etymology - this species is named in honor of Dr. Meinhard Moser (Innsbruck). This species belongs to Sect. Zapotecorum because of its thin-walled spores and for the bluing reaction. The peculiar pleurocystidia, the two types of cheilocystidia, the pseudorrhiza, as well as the smaller spores, separate Psilocybe moseri from all the species considered by Guzmán et al. (1988) in this section. Psilocybe moseri is the species with the smallest spores in the section and the only tropical one (the others are from the subtropical highlands or from coniferous forests), which confirms the observations by Guzmán (1979), that the tropical species of Psilocybe have small spores in comparation with the alpine species. For instance, Psilocybe uxpanapensis Guzmán from the tropics, has spores that are (5-) 5.5-6.5 (-7.5) µm long as compared with Psilocybe aztecorum from alpine regions with 12-14 µm long spores. source - Bibliotheca Mycologica [159: 105-107] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe mulierculaPsilocybe muliercula Singer & A.H.Sm. (1958) synonyms: Psilocybe muliercula Singer and Smith Psilocybe wassonii Heim Psilocybe mexicana var. brevispora Heim |
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Habitat: Gregarious to cespitose in muddy and swampy soils on the walls of ravines in fir (Abies) and pine (Pinus) woodlands. Found August through September in Mexico (state of Mexico). Comment: Potently active, judging by the strength of the bluing reaction. The name Psilocybe wassoni was preempted by Smith and Singer's publication of the name just 24 days prior to the publication of Heim and Wasson's (1958) masterpiece, and given the international rules governing nomenclature, the name first published presides. Since may of Singer's Mexican contacts were provided, in good faith, by Heim and Wasson, this event created a rift between two schools of mycologists that persisted for several decades. Heim and Hofmann (1958) found 0.02% psilocybin and 0.01% psilocin in seven-month-old specimens. Undoubtedly, fresh specimens are many orders of magnitude stronger. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe naematoliformisPsilocybe naematoliformis Guzmán (1979) synonyms: Naematoloma naematoliforme (Guzmán) Guzmán (1980) Hypholoma naematoliformis (Guzmán) Guzmán (1999) |
Description: Psilocybe naematoliformis, is a species of fungus in the mushroom family Strophariaceae. It is a psilocybin mushroom, having psilocybin and psilocin as the main active hallucinogenic compounds. The species was originally found by mycologist Gastón Guzmán in a tropical rainforest at Uxpanapa Region, in the State of Veracruz in southeastern Mexico; he reported the finding in a 1979 publication, and called the fungus Psilocybe naematoliformis. Guzmán later considered species with chrysocystidia (cystidia whose contents contain a distinct refractive yellow body, that become more deeply yellow when stained with ammonia or other alkaline compounds) to be separate from Psilocybe, and transferred the species first to Naematoloma in 1980, and then later to Hypholoma in 1999. In 2004, Guzmán revised his opinion again, and considered the species more suitably placed in Psilocybe. Psilocybe naematoliformis is in the section Neocaledonicae, a group of related tropical and subtropical species in the Psilocybe genus; other members of the section include Psilocybe aequatoriae (Ecuador), Psilocybe neocaledonicum (New Caledonia), and Psilocybe neorhombispora (Mexico). Macroscopic feat.:
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Habitat: Psilocybe naematoliformis is found growing in small groups, in tufts or clumps, on disturbed places of the virgin tropical rain forest; it grows in soil with a few herbaceous plants. This species was originally found in Mexico, State of Veracruz, Uxpanapa region. source - www.wikipedia.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe natarajaniiPsilocybe natarajanii Guzmán synonyms: Psilocybe aztecorum var. bonetii (Guzmán) Guzmán sensu Natarajan & Raman. |
This species differs from Psilocybe aztecorum var. bonetii known only from Mexico, in the size and form of the pleurocystidia. Psilocybe natarajanii has mucronate pleurocystidia 21-28 x 7-10 µm, instead of the 20-45 x 5-8 µm, lageniform pleurocystidia with a long neck found in the Mexican fungus. Psilocybe natarajanii is known only from the type locality. This species is close to Psilocybe pseudoaztecorum (Natarajan & Raman, 1985) (= Psilocybe aztecorum var. aztecorum sensu Natarajan & Raman, 1983), but differs in the smaller spores, 12.5-17 µm long in Psilocybe pseudoaztecorum vs. 10-12.5(-14) µm in Psilocybe natarajanii. The above description is compiled from Natarajan & Raman (1983), because no herbarium material was studied. source - Bibliotheca Mycologica [159: 109] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe neocaledonicumPsilocybe neocaledonicum Guzmán & Horak synonyms: Psilocybe neocaledonica Guzmán & Horak Hypholoma neocaledonica (Guzmán & Horak) Guzmán Naematoloma neocaledonica (Guzmán & Horak) Guzmán |
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Habitat: Gregarious on rotten wood, sticks and plant debris in tropical forest at about 1000 m a. s. l. Known from type locality only. Studied material: NEW CALEDONIA, Mt. Mou, N of Paita; 22. II. 1977, leg. HORAK (Holotype ZT, 77/161; isotype ENCG). Discussion: The pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia of this species are similar to the ones observed in Psilocybe nematolomiformis Guzmán (1977), described from tropical rain forest in Mexico, differ, however, in size and shape. Furthermore, the pileus of the Mexican species is glabrous. Psilocybe neocaledonica is also close to Agaricus (Naucoria) lonchophorus B. & Br. from Ceylon. Upon examining the type material of this species (K) by one of the authors (HORAK), only hyaline pleurocystidia have been found and chrysocystidia-like cystidia are absent. The non-cellular structure of the subcutis or hypodermium in combination with the rhombic spores are distinctly separating this New Caledonian species from taxa of the genus Naematoloma Karsten. It is possible that this new species is an hallucinogenic fungus since it has close taxonomic relationships with hallucinogenic species of the Stirps Yungensis. source - www.sydowia.at [31: 53-54] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe ovoideocystidiataPsilocybe ovoideocystidiata Guzmán et Gaines |
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Habitat: Climate temperate. Hardwood logs and debris. Comment: Previously misidentified as Psilocybe caerulipes. Closer examination reveals that the Bethany collection is most likely Psilocybe ovoideocystidiata, which agrees with the identification proposed by Psilocybe expert, Gastón Guzmán. Psilocybe ovoideocystidiata is only known from Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. This was the only species we provided that had not been directly assessed by our staff. It is our policy not to accept spore products from outside sources in order to maintain tight quality control and correct identification. Due to the rarity and exceptional documentation of the samples we made an exception. Unfortunately, without actual specimens to examine, staff misidentified the species. At the time we were unaware of the existence of the newly described Psilocybe ovoideocystidiata and made our identification based primarily on the location of the initial collection. We could not have guessed that another species would be found in an area previously only known for a single, native and active Psilocybe that shares the same habitat. See also its close relative Psilocybe subaeruginascens. source - www.sporeworks.com Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe papuanaPsilocybe papuana Guzmán & Horak |
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Habitat: Gregarious in small groups, occasionally also solitary, on soil or among litter in tropical or subtropical-montane forests under Castanopsis, Lithocarpus or Nothofagus, 1000-2400 m a. s. l. Known from Papua New Guinea only. Studied material: PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Eastern Highlands: Mt. Michael, Frigano, Hut Track; 6. XII. 1971, leg. HORAK (Holotype ZT, 71/385; isotype in ENCB). - Kassem Pass; 13. XII. 1972, leg. HOKAK (ZT, 72/726). Discussion: This species reminds of the hallucinogenic Psilocybe caerulescens MURR., reported from the SE of the United States and Mexico (SINGER & SMITH, 1958). The shape and size of the cheilocystidia, however, are distinctly separating the two species. source - www.sydowia.at [31: 49-50] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe pelliculosaPsilocybe pelliculosa (A.H.Sm.) Singer & A.H.Sm. (1958) synonyms: Psathyra pelliculosa A.H.Sm. (1937) |
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Habitat: Scattered to gregarious to cespitose on well-decayed conifer substratum, in mulch, or in soil rich in lignin. Often seen along paths in conifer forests and along abandoned logging roads that are actively being recaptured by alders and firs. Found in mid-to-late fall to early winter throughout the Pacific Northwest and Northern California. Comment: Active, although comparatively weak, containing up to 0.41% psilocybin, no psilocin, and 0.04% baeocystin, as reported by Beug and Bigwood (1982b) and Repke et al. (1977). Psilocybe pelliculosa is nearly identical with Psilocybe silvatica, and is distinguished from it by the length of the spores. The conic-shaped cap, the gregarious nature of their fruitings, the fibrillose patches on the stem, and the bluing reaction at the base of the stem are some of the most distinctive features of this species. See also Psilocybe silvatica and Psilocybe washingtonensis. This mushroom has a general resemblance, especially at a distance, to Hypholoma dispersum (=Naematoloma dispersum). When my kids were toddlers, I would take them mushroom hunting in the Olympic Peninsula. On one November trip, after parking the car, we strolled up an abandoned logging road. Coming down the road were two pot (edible mushroom) hunters. When I asked if there were any good mushrooms up there, they replied, "There's nothing of interest." Less than fifty yards later, we found several thousand Psilocybe pelliculosa. The patch looked like a well-organized army of mushrooms, standing tall and proud. The pot hunters had walked right through the multitudes, unaware of the potential for a life-changing experience. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe physaloidesPsilocybe physaloides (Bull.) Quél. synonyms: Psilocybe montana (Pers.) Kumm. 1871 Psilocybe physaloides (Bull. ex. Merat) Quelet Psilocybe caespitosa Murrill Psilocybe atrorufa sensu auct.
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Habitat: Solitary to gregarious, sometimes subcespitose in disturbed soils, soils rich with woody debris, often at field-forest (conifer) interfaces. Common in Europe, also reported from Canada, Greenland, and the northern United States, including Alaska. This mushroom has been collected as far south as Santa Barbara. Often fruits in the summer through early fall. Comment: Not known to be active; not yet analyzed. The silvery sheath of fibrils from a darkening base is a feature that stands out for this mushroom, and is reminiscent of Psilocybe crobula, Psilocybe inquilina and to a lesser degree Psilocybe montana. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe pintoniiPsilocybe pintonii Guzmán |
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Habitat: Solitary or gregarious on soil without herbaceous vegetation, in páramos with Espeletia, at 3450-3600 m elevation. Studied material: COLOMBIA, Cundinamarca Dept, Páramo de Palacio, Hacienda La Siberia, road La Calera to La Mina, near the branch to Rincón del Oso, Aug. 20, 1964, Guzmán 9160 (ENCB); July 23, 1971, Guzmán 9762 (Holotype COL; Isotype ENCB). Discussion: This species is close to Psilocybe zapotecorum Heim and Psilocybe muliercula Sing. & Smith, and certainly belongs to the same group, but the special cheilocystidia separate it well from the other species. Because of the bluing reaction and the farinaceous odor and taste, this is probably a hallucinogenic species, but there is no information about its use. The same situation holds true for Psilocybe columbiana. source - www.mycotaxon.com [7 (2): 247-248] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe plutoniaPsilocybe plutonia Berk. & M.A. Curtis Sacc. synonyms: Agaricus plutonia |
Description: The word plutonia comes from the Latin words plutonian or plutonic. Perhaps in connection with the dark color of the mushroom. Macroscopic feat.:
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Habitat: Psilocybe plutonia may be found growing solitary or gregarious, from late June through February, on rotted wood or in soil with woody material, in tropical forests, from Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela and Cuba, often near sea level or in lower elevations, although widely distributed, it is not found often. source - www.wikipedia.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe portoricensisPsilocybe portoricensis Guzmán, Nieves-Rivera & Tapia |
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Habitat: Gregarious or solitary on muddy clay brownish soil or humus in a coffee plantation, along a trail, in a mesophytic forest. Known only from Puerto Rico. Studied material: PUERTO RICO, Municipio Villalba, Toro Negro State Forest, trail to Torre 3 (18°10'N, 66°30'W), 820-1015 m alt., Oct. 1994, Nieves-Rivera, Santos-Flores & Betancourt s.n. (holotype MAPR; isotype XAL). Discussion: This species belongs to Sect. Cordisporae Guzmán by virtue of their smaller rhomboid spores, bluing feature and subtropical habitat. It is close to Psilocybe subtropicalis Guzmán, from Mexico and Guatemala, by the branched cheilocystidia, but that species has spores (5.5-) 6.5-7 (-8) µm long and collybioid habit (Guzmán, 1995). Psilocybe plutonia differs with pleurocystidia broadly ventricose, ventricose-mucronate or obpyriform, 17-26 (-30) x 9-12 µm (Guzmán, 1983, 1995). source - www.mycotaxon.com [63: 379-380] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe pseudocyaneaPsilocybe pseudocyanea (Desm.) Noordel synonyms: Psilocybe pseudocyanea (Desmazieres: Fries) Noordeloos Stropharia pseudocyanea (Desmazieres) Morgan Stropharia albocyanea (Desmazieres) Quelet
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Habitat: Prefers tall grass in wetlands, marshes, and meadows, or tall shrubs along trails at field-forest interfaces. Known from the British Isles, much of northern Europe, and the Pacific Northwest. Probably more widely distributed. Comment: Activity unknown. Due caution is advised. Psilocybe pseudocyanea is closely related to Psilocybe aeruginosa and Psilocybe caerulea. All of these species were formerly placed in the genus Stropharia but recently transferred to Psilocybe by Noordeloos (1995). The smaller spores, soft stem, and wetland habitats are classic features. The edibility of this species is not well documented. The bluish color and its close taxonomic relationship to active species makes Psilocybe pseudocyanea a likely candidate for activity. However, caution is always recommended with these less-studied species that lack an experiential history. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe quebecensisPsilocybe quebecensis Ola'h & R. Heim 1967 |
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Habitat: Grows in sandy soils, particularly in outwashes of streams, and in the decayed-wood substratum of alder, birch, fir, and spruce in the late summer and fall. Reported from Quebec, specifically in the Jacques Cartier river valley. Comment: Moderately active according to Ola'h and Heim (1967). Psilocybe quebecensis is a classic flood-plain species and is probably more widely distributed than presently reported. This species is not well known to Quebec residents, and I suspect that naturalized colonies could easily be established by those wishing to have Psilocybe quebecensis growing in their backyard. See also Psilocybe caerulipes and Psilocybe baeocystis. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe samuiensisPsilocybe samuiensis Guzmán, Bandala & Allen |
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Habitat: Grows in well manured clay-like soils in rice paddies and open grassy areas. Distribution: Koh Samui Island in the Gulf of Thailand and surrounding areas. Ranong Province, Thailand and at Angkor Wat, Cambodia. Season: Late may through September and possibly into October. Dosage: 15-20 fresh mushrooms Comment: So far this mushroom has only been found four times, fruiting in rice paddies from two locations on Koh Samui Island in the Gulf of Thailand. First in 1991 by John W. Allen in rice paddie fields near the Muslim village of Ban Hua Thanon, Koh Samui. Ten years later, a 2nd collection was gathered with Chief Ill Eagle, Travis Canaday, Nataya and Mike Acevedo, about 100 meters past where the first collection was found ten years earlier. In 2003, JWA found 8 specimens in a second location a few miles down the road in the rice paddie fields of Na Muang, Koh Samui. And again in 2004, numerous collections were gathered from that same field during two separate fruitings in June and July of 2004. Its fruiting run is from 5 to 7 days and then they are gone from the fields. Most likely it is probable that this species also fruits in other locations in southern Thailand and possibly Malaysia. It is not, as reported by http://www.petfungus.com found in Eastern Oregon. This species is closely related to Psilocybe mexicana Heim Heim and is macroscopically similar to Psilocybe semilanceata and is the first species found outside of Mexico directly related to Psilocybe mexicana Heim, That latter species is ceremoniously used by native Americans in Mesoamerica. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe sanctorumPsilocybe sanctorum Guzmán synonyms: Psilocybe zapotecorum Heim emend Guzmán Psilocybe aggericola Singer & A.H. Sm. Psilocybe barrerae Cifuentes & Guzmán Psilocybe subzapotecorum Guzmán Psilocybe chaconii Guzmán, M. Torres & Ram.-Guill. Psilocybe bolivarii Guzmán, Ciencia (Méx.) Psilocybe zapotecorum var. ramulosum Psilocybe candidipes Singer & A.H. Sm. Psilocybe aggericola var. alvaradoi Psilocybe zapotecorum f. elongata Psilocybe pseudozapotecorum Guzmán Psilocybe microcystidiata Guzmán & Bononi |
Psilocybe sanctorum was known only from the type locality in Mexico, in the State of Mexico,
in grassland on the border of a Pinus-Quercus-Populus forest (Guzmán, 1982). It is now
recorded for first time from the State of Veracruz [Chacón 2529 (XAL), 5 km W from Coatepec, Aug. 22, 1984, in a subtropical (mesophytic) forest]. This material differs from the type by the pileus which is not so papillate. This demonstrates the variation of the basidiomata in this species, a feature typical of several other species of Sect. Zapotecorum. source - Bibliotheca Mycologica [159: 117] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe semiglobataPsilocybe semiglobata (Batsch) Noordel. (1995) synonyms: Protostropharia semiglobata (Batsch) Redhead, Moncalvo & Vilgays (2013) Agaricus semiglobatus Batsch (1786) Agaricus nitens Bull. (1792) Coprinus semiglobatus (Batsch) Gray (1821) Stropharia semiglobata (Batsch) Quél. (1872) Geophila semiglobata (Batsch) Quél. (1886) Psalliota semiglobata (Batsch) P.Kumm. (1871) Fungus semiglobatus (Batsch) Kuntze (1898) |
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Single to gregarious on cow or horse dung in the spring, summer, and fall. Widely distributed throughout North America and much of the temperate regions of the world. Comment: Not active. Psilocybe semiglobata, formerly known as Stropharia semiglobata, is included here because this mushroom is prolific in habitats also frequented by the active Psilocybes and Panaeoli. I have often found Psilocybe merdaria, Psilocybe coprophila and Panaeolus papilionaceus sharing the same habitat with Psilocybe semiglobata. The natural affinities between these Psilocybes is obvious to all who have collected them. The uniquely glutinous veil disthinguishes this species from close relatives. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe semiinconspicuaPsilocybe semiinconspicua Guzmán & J. M. Trappe |
Description: Psilocybe semiinconspicua is a psilocybin mushroom in section Semilanceatae native to the state of Washington in the United States. The mushroom is small, rare, difficult to see and stains blue where damaged. It can be mistaken for Psilocybe silvatica and can be distinguished by its more conic cap, narrower spores and narrower cheilocystidia. This mushroom is only known from the type locality where it was found at the Glacier Peak Wilderness Area in Wentachee National Forest, Washington, USA. Macroscopic feat.:
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Gregarious in small groups among shrubs on a creek bank. source - www.wikipedia.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe semilanceataPsilocybe semilanceata (Fr.) P.Kumm. (1871) synonyms: Agaricus semilanceatus Fr. (1838) Geophila semilanceata (Fr.) Quél. (1886) Panaeolus semilanceatus (Fr.) J.E.Lange (1936) Panaeolus semilanceatus (Fr.) J.E.Lange (1939) |
Not common. Sporocarps grow from summer to autumn with peak in late autumn, singly or groups of several, terrestrial or on grass remnants, in nutrient-poor pastures, meadows or other grassy terrains, never on fresh manure, if accidentally on cattle manure, then on very old one. Pileus hygrophanous, olive-pale brown when moist, also with dark olive or livid-green spots, particularly at the edge, pale straw-coloured when dry, ochraceous; 5-15(20) mm in diameter, 6-15(20) mm high, initially obtusely conical and usually with a distinct papilla, acutely umbonate, with age conical to campanulate, but never plane; surface smooth, when moist lubricous, slightly viscid; margin initially incurved, later plane or decurved, slightly translucent-striate when moist, in very young specimens visible whitish fibrils of the veil connecting the pileal margin with the stipe. Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe semilanceata „Gigant“ |
There are 2 valleys high in the hills of Spain where Ignacio finds the p. semilanceata's (a.k.a. liberty caps). One of those valleys produces some very large and potent semi's that grow on horse dung and straw. The other valley produces your typical small sized potent semi. To date, there are no known cases of the semilanceata successfully being cultivated indoors. These pics are kind of inspiring because there growing on straw. Perhaps time to rethink that strategy. We now have spore prints of the giant straw loving Psilocybe semilanceata from Spain as well. On the left Psilocybe semilanceata from Spain growing on grass and dung, on the right Psilocybe semilanceata from Spain growing on straw and dung. source - www.thehawkseye.com Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe silvaticaPsilocybe silvatica Peck Singer and Smith synonyms: Psathyra silvatica Hypholoma silvaticum |
Macroscopic feat.:
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Habitat: Gregarious but not cespitose on wood debris, wood chips (preferably alder), or even decayed conifer substratum. Distribution: From west of the Cascades in southern Oregon to British Columbia, Canada. Also reported from Idaho and as far away as Finland. Season: From late September through December. Comment: Very similar to Psilocybe pelliculosa and is usually found growing along with them. Stamets (1996) reports that in some colonies of Psilocybe silvatica the caps were more yellow in appearance than those of the caps of Psilocybe pelliculosa. Dosage: Moderately weaker than Psilocybe semilanceata From 20 to 40 fresh mushrooms, 1/3 of a fresh ounce or from 2 to 4 grams dried. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe serbicaPsilocybe serbica M.M.Moser & E.Horak (1969) synonyms: Psilocybe bohemica ©ebek (1983) Psilocybe arcana Borov. & Hlavácek (2001) Psilocybe moravica Borov. (2003) |
Macroscopic feat.:
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Habitat: Reported only from Yugoslavia (Serbia), Slovakia, and the Czech Republic. Growing on rotting wood or in soils rich in woody debris, in deciduous or mixed forests, beneath European beech (Fagus silvatica) and/or mixed with firs (Abies sp.) Comment: Moderately active to highly active. Psilocybe serbica is taxonomically close to Psilocybe atrobrunnea except the latter species prefers mossy areas and does not bruise bluish. See also Psilocybe liniformans and Psilocybe cyanescens. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe squamosaPsilocybe squamosa (Pers.: Fr.) P. D. Orton synonyms: Leratiomyces squamosus Bridge & Spooner 2008 Agaricus squamosus Geophila squamosa Hypholoma squamosum Naematoloma squamosum Psalliota squamosa Stropharia squamosa Stropholoma squamosum
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Habitat: Solitary to scattered in the late summer and fall in meadows and mixed conifer and alder woods. Known from the Pacific Northwest, Minnesota, and California. It is likely this species is widely distributed across the continent. Comment: There are conflicting reports on the edibility of Psilocybe squamosa; caution is definitely recommended. Once a Stropharia, this species lacks the chrysocystidia once typical of that genus. Both the squamules of the cap and the annulus are temporal features, and can soon disappear after heavy rains. See also Psilocybe thrausta, which is very similar but differs in the reddish coloration of the caps. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe strictipesPsilocybe strictipes Singer & A.H.Smith synonyms: Psilocybe strictipes Singer and Smith Psilocybe callosa (Fries ex Fries) Quelet sensu auct., sensu Guzmán (1983) Psilocybe semilanceata var. obtusa Bon Psilocybe semilanceata var. microspora Singer |
Macroscopic feat.:
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Fruits in the late summer to fall in the Pacific Northwest, England, northern and central Europe (Czech Republic, France, Germany, Holland, Slovakia, Sweden), Siberia and Chile. Typically found in rich, grassy areas such as lawns, along roadsides, and in fields - but not on dung, although common in fields with and without manure. Comment: Chemical analysis not available. Estimated to be moderately active to potent, judging from personal bioassays, and probably low in psilocin, because of the limited bluing reaction. Psilocybe strictipes is a slender, grassland species, thought to be an intermediate form, bridging Psilocybe semilanceata and Psilocybe pelliculosa, two taxa that are very similar in general appearance except for habitat preferences and/or microscopic details. Psilocybe strictipes has had a very confused history. Guzmán (1995), following Redhead (1985) and Watling and Gregory (1987), attempted to clear up the long-standing confusion surrounding this species and its well-known synonym, Psilocybe callosa. (The original Agaricus callosus Fr. is not related to the mushroom described here and is actually synonymous with Panaeolus papilionaceus Bull. ex: Fr. Quelet.). The modern concept of Psilocybe callosa became subordinate to a new taxon, which Singer and Smith (1958a) originally proposed as Psilocybe strictipes. Guzmán (1983) had made Psilocybe strictipes subordinate to Psilocybe callosa in his monograph. Upon reevaluation, Guzmán (1995) reaffirmed Psilocybe strictipes as the proper name. Mixed collections resulted in this species being further confused with Psilocybe baeocystis, to which it bears little resemblance. Furthermore, the preferred habitat for Psilocybe strictipes is grasslands or rich soils, not the woodlands that Singer and Smith (1958a) had described. Their line drawings of Psilocybe strictipes show two distinct forms: one mycenoid resembling the closely related Psilocybe semilanceata, and an isolated drawing, more collyboid in shape, showing a mushroom atypical to the first form. Guzmán (1983) writes that the specimen used by Smith to make the line drawing was actually Psilocybe baeocystis. Additionally, in their original description they indicate that the collection number assigned to the original type was erroneous, which perhaps related to the original confusion and the two decades of confusion that followed. Virtually all the field guides published since 1958, including mine (1978), erroneously describe Psilocybe strictipes. For most field hunters, the grassland habitat narrows the field of candidate possibilities. The absence of sharp umbo and its thinly fleshed cap are two macroscopic features that delineate this species from its closest ally, Psilocybe semilanceata, with which it is often confused. Guzmán (1983, 17) noted that, "the form of the pileus is of taxonomic value in Psilocybe. Psilocybe semilanceata is distinguished from Psilocybe callosa (=Psilocybe strictipes) on the papilla in the first and in the convex to the more or less subumbonate pileus in the latter." With many grassland species, the length of the stem is usually a direct response to the height of the grass through which its arises. The stem base is typically tightly attached to dead, thatched grass. Microscopically, Psilocybe strictipes has smaller and narrower spores than Psilocybe semilanceata. The name strictipes refers to the tough or hardened texture of the stem, especially the base, in drying. A variety Psilocybe strictipes abundantly in western Oregon in close association with highland bentgrass (Agrostis tenuis) where thousands of acres are dedicated to the commercial cultivation of grass seed - a major industry in that region. The prolific fruitings of Psilocybe strictipes in these grasslands and the subsequent distribution of spore-dusted seeds represents a huge launching platform of germ plasm to faraway lawns, golf courses, and institutions of higher learning. The potential distribution of this species through the commercial distribution of lawn seed is mind-boggling. Psilocybe strictipes is likely to be much more common than presently realized. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe stuntziiPsilocybe stuntzii Guzmán & J. Ott synonyms: Psilocybe pugetensis |
Macroscopic feat.:
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Growing gregarious to subcespitose clusters and clumps in conifer wood chips and bark mulch (alder wood), in soils rich in woody debris, and in new lawns of freshly laid sod. Distribution: From North of San Francisco to Eugene, Oregon to British Columbia. This species is common in lawns and grassy areas such as parks, fields, or any newly mulched garden area throughout the western region of the Pacific Northwest. Season: From late July through September in lawns and grassy areas and from late September through December in mulched garden beds. This species sometimes occurs all year long depending on warmer el nino weather conditions in the PNW. Dosage: 20 to 30 fresh specimens, 1/3 fresh ounce or 1-3 dried grams. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe subaeruginascensPsilocybe subaeruginascens Höhnel synonyms: Psilocybe subaeruginascens Höhnel Psilocybe aerugineomaculans (Höhnel) Singer i Smith |
Macroscopic feat.:
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Grows gregariously to cespitose on soils enriched with woody debris, in wood chips, and in wood chips mixed with horse dung. Frequently found along trails or road-sides bordering deciduous forests. Fruiting April to July in temperate southern Japan and subtropical Indonesia. Probably extensively distributed between these two localities. Comment: Moderately potent. Koike et al. (1981) detected psilocybin and psilocin. This squat, collyboid, and annulate Psilocybe is unique to Asia. Guzmán (1983) notes that Singer and Smith's attempted synonymy of Psilocybe subaeruginascens with Stropharia venenata (=Psilocybe venenariata) was in error. See also Psilocybe subfimetaria and Psilocybe stuntzii. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe subaeruginosaPsilocybe subaeruginosa Cleland synonyms: Psilocybe australiana Guzmán & Watling (1978) Psilocybe tasmaniana Guzmán & Watling (1978) Psilocybe eucalypta Guzmán & Watling |
Macroscopic feat.:
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Solitary to gregarious in complex habitats such as soils rich in woody debris, decaying piles of leaves and twigs, sandy woody soils, gardens, and amongst bark chips from pine (Pinus radiata). Found from May through August. Known only from Australia and Tasmania. Comment: Moderately to potently active, judging by the bruising reaction. No analyses are known to me. This species is in the center of a constellation of close relatives, including Psilocybe australiana, Psilocybe eucalypta, and Psilocybe tasmaniana. A study by Chang and Mills (1992) sought to show synonymy between these taxa but, upon close reading of their work, some doubt remains if they had the true Psilocybe subaeruginosa and were making valid comparisons. Psilocybe subaeruginosa has pigmented pleurocystidia and is described as "chocolate brown", features Chang and Mills admit to not finding in any of the collections they studied. The chocolate brown cystidia of Psilocybe subaeruginosa differentiates this taxon from the mushrooms mentioned above, all of which have hyaline cystidia (Guzmán, Bandala, and King 1993). Hence, I think sufficient doubt is cast on their arguments for conspecificity. Better studies are needed. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe subcaerulipesPsilocybe subcaerulipes Hongo synonyms: Psilocybe argentipes K. Yokoy Psilocybe taiwanensis E. Horak, Guzmán i Desjardin Psilocybe thaizapoteca Guzmán, Karunar. i Ram.-Guill |
Macroscopic feat.:
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Gregarious to cespitose, fruiting from May to September in Japan (Otsu City, Shiga-Prefecture) in soils covered with mosses or grasses in open forests, often under pines, particularly Pinus densiflora. Comment: Potency unknown, likely to be moderately to highly active. Microscopically nearly identical to Psilocybe caerulipes, but differing in the size of the spores and its ecological distribution. Furthermore, Guzmán (1983) notes that Psilocybe caerulipes may be conspecific with Psilocybe muliercula (=Psilocybe wassonii) as they are difficult to separate taxonomically. Interfertility studies would clear up the question of conspecificity. See also Psilocybe venenata. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe subacutipileaPsilocybe subacutipilea Guzmán, Saldarriaga, Pineda, Garcí et Velázquez |
Macroscopic feat.:
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Habitat: Caespitose in soil, in a meadow with grazing grasses, in subtropical zone, at 1100 m ait. Known only from the type locality. Studied material: COLOMBIA, Departamento Antioquia, Municipio Porce, near the road Medellín to Amalfi, zone of Puente Gabino, Aug. 31, 1990, Guzmán 29561-B (holotype HUA, isotype XAL). Discussion: This species is close to Psilocybe acutipilea (Speg.) Guzmán, known only from Brazil, of which it differs by the not papillate pileus and not caespitose habit and by the neck of the cheilocystidia (8-10 µm long) (Guzmán, 1983). Psilocybe subacutipilea belongs to Sect. Mexicana. source - www.mycotaxon.com [51: 230-231] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe subcubensisPsilocybe subcubensis Guzmán |
Macroscopic feat.:
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Habitat: Gregarious, rarely solitary or scattered, on cow dung, rarely on horse manure. Also in rich soil in pastures and meadows, along roadsides in manure heaps. Distribution: This is a pantropical and subtropical species. Found in Mexico, Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador, Honduras, El Salvador, Venezuela, Australia, India, Nepal, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and parts of the Philippine Islands. Season: Fruiting in summer but also in other seasons (as do most finicolous fungi). Dosage: Same as for Psilocybe cubensis. One ounce fresh or over, 1 dried gram to as many as 3-5 grams dried=1 fresh ounce. Ten doses in one dried ounce. The equivalent of a Mazatec ceremonial dosage. Comment: This species is macroscopically similar to Psilocybe cubensis with the difference occurring only in the size of the spores. Psilocybe subcubensis has smaller spore than Psilocybe cubensis. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe subfimetariaPsilocybe subfimetaria Guzmán & A.H. Sm. synonyms: Psilocybe sierrae Singer |
Macroscopic feat.:
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Habitat: Solitary to gregarious on dung, primarily in grassy areas. Reported from locations near Siltcoos Station, Oregon, and Vancouver, British Columbia in October through November, and near Chovetten, Chile, in August. Probably much more extensive in its distribution than presently realized. I have found this species in habitats also supporting Psilocybe semilanceata and Psilocybe liniformans. Comment: Active, but I do not know how potent. This mushroom resembles Psilocybe semilanceata and is definitively separated from it by microscopic features. Macroscopically, this species is distinguished from Psilocybe semilanceata if the annulus of Psilocybe subfimetaria persists into maturity. Furthermore, Psilocybe semilanceata is sharply umbonate, while Psilocybe subfimetaria is not. Psilocybe subfimetaria is a relatively rare species and is very close microscopically to Psilocybe fimetaria, from which it is separated by spore size. Also, Psilocybe subfimetaria often grows directly out of dung, while Psilocybe semilanceata prefers grasses. (Manured grasslands can make this judgment difficult.) The overall aspect, fairly persistent annular zone, and nonpapillate cap can help narrow the field of candidates to Psilocybe subfimetaria. See also Psilocybe stuntzii var. tenuis. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe subtropicalisPsilocybe subtropicalis Guzmán |
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Habitat: In small groups on soil, in open places of subtropical (mesophytic) forests. Known from Guatemala and Mexico. Studied material: GUATEMALA: approx. 25km south of Guatemala City, Santa Elena Barillas, Jun. 28, 1990, Sommerkamp 371 (Herb. Univ. San Carlos Guatemala & XAL). MEXICO: State of Veracruz, old road Xalapa to Coatepec, km 2.5, Parque Ecológico F.J. Clavijero, Oct. 6, 1986, Montoya 910 (Holotype, XAL). Huatusco to Elotepec road, Rancho San Rafael, Aug. 26, 1984, Sampieri 987 (XAL). Totutla to Xalapa road, near Axocoapan, Jun. 29, 1984, Chacón 2259; Sept. 26, 1985, Chacón 3150 (both in XAL). Discussion: The subbulbous, hollow base of the stipe, the mycenoid habit, the branched cheilocystidia and narrow pleurocystidia are the most typical features of this caerulescent species. Psilocybe herrerae Guzmán, is a close taxon, but differs in the more branched cheilocystidia and thicker pleurocystidia (6-9 µm), and in the presence of pseudorhiza (Guzmán, 1983). Due to the form and size of the spores, this species belongs to Sect. Cordispora. Psilocybe subtropicalis is widely distributed in subtropical forests. Psilocybe mexicana grows also in the same Guatemaltecan locality. source - Bibliotheca Mycologica [159: 107-109] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe subviscidaPsilocybe subviscida (Peck) Kauffm |
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Usually found growing in grassy areas, in well-manured grounds or in dung. Also reported growing in mossy areas and in decayed conifer substrata. Grows in the late spring to summer, reported from the United States (Washington, Oregon, Michigan, New York) and Scotland (Shetland). Thought to be widely distributed. Comment: Not active. Since this species can grow on such a wide spectrum of habitats, I would expect that its actual distribution is far more extensive than presently reported. The specimens I have seen have had rubbery textures. See also Psilocybe coprophila, Psilocybe montana, Psilocybe merdaria, Psilocybe moellerii. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe subyungensisPsilocybe subyungensis Guzmán synonyms: Psilocybe yungensis Singer & A.H.Sm. (1958) Psilocybe yungensis var. diconica A.H.Smith (1958) Psilocybe acutissima Heim (1959) Psilocybe chiapanensis Guzmán (1995) Psilocybe isauri Singer (1959) |
Macroscopic feat.:
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Gregarious on very rotten wood inside the forest. Known only from the type locality. Studied material: VENEZUELA, State of Miranda, SW of Macaro, near El Arado, July 28, 1972. Dumont VE-6363 (Holotype MER, Isotype, NY). Discussion: Psilocybe subyungensis is close to Psilocybe yungensis, but the pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia separate the former from the latter. It is also close to Psilocybe fuliginosa (Murr.) Smith but according to a study of the type (NY) and Smith's paper (1948), has larger spores, (5.5-) 6-7 (-8) µm, the cheilocystidia are more uniformly lageniform 16-28 (-33) x 4.4-6.6 µm. source - www.mycotaxon.com [7 (2): 249-250] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe tampanensisPsilocybe tampanensis Guzmán & S.H.Pollock (1978) |
A very interesting species. It has only been collected in the wild twice. All cultures that are in circulation today originate from one single specimen that was cloned by mycologist Stephen Pollock in 1977. This mushroom was found in Tampa, Florida hence the name tampanensis. This species produces sclerotia (hardened mycelial structures) on grass seed and in the casing layer. Variability within a multispore germination is great resulting in some strains that are good sclerotia-producers, some that are good fruitbody-producers, some that are both and some that are neither. We recommend making different isolates from a multispore germination and testing each of them for their properties. Alternatively you can start with multispore cultures and clone some mushrooms or sclerotia. Because of successive cloning for years most available strains are heavily degenerated and produce no or only sterile (sporeless) mushrooms. We have been working for some time with a strain that did not produce fertile mushrooms but have recently acquired new one. This strain does produce fertile fruitbodies and although they are not perfectly shaped they do produce visible sporeprints. We grow the sclerotia and fruitbodies of this species on sterilised grass seed (110 grams seed / 180 ml water). We have had jars that produced up to 70 grams (wet weight) of sclerotia in 4 months! Substrate: ryegrass seeds, cow manure. Temperature: colonization/fruiting: 24-27°C / 22-24°C source - www.mushmush.nl Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe tasmanianaPsilocybe tasmaniana Guzmán & Watling (1978) synonyms: Psilocybe subaeruginosa Guzmán & Watling (1978) Psilocybe australiana Guzmán & Watling (1978) Psilocybe eucalypta Guzmán & Watling |
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Habitat: Grows solitary or gregariously in April and May on dung (possibly kangaroo) or in dung-enriched debris in open areas within Eucalyptus forests. Reported from Tasmania, New Zealand, and Australia. Comment: Active, potency unknown. This species is closely related to Psilocybe subaeruginosa and Psilocybe cyanescens. Chang and Mills (1992) tried to make Psilocybe tasmaniana, Psilocybe australiana i Psilocybe eucalypta subordinate synonyms of Psilocybe subaeruginosa. For reasons described on pages 91-92, I am skeptical of their interpretations. Furthermore, they made conclusions about the identification of mushrooms that they called Psilocybe tasmaniana that are not referenced against any type listed by Guzmán and Watling, which is surprising considering the strong taxonomic proposals they put forward. If their identifications were in error, and they then "proved" synonymy between the collections, the analyzed collections may indeed be biologically compatible because they incorrectly delimited one species into the other aforementioned taxa. Interestingly, Johnston and Buchanan (1996), while endorsing most of the proposed synonymy of Chang and Mills, selectively exclude Psilocybe tasmaniana as a species found in New Zealand (nor do they list it as a synonym!) although Chang and Mills (1992) references a collection from Taranak, New Zealand. Clearly, more studies are needed, using better reference standards and systematics, to adequately answer the questions raised here. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe thraustaPsilocybe thrausta (Schulz.ex Kalchbr) Bon synonyms: Psilocybe thrausta (Schulzer ex Kalchbremer) Orton Psilocybe squamosa var. thrausta (Schulzer ex Kalchbremer) Guzmán Stropharia thrausta (Schulzer ex Kalchbremer) Bon |
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Habitat: Scattered in the fall in decayed wood substratum or wood debris. Reported from the United States (the Pacific Northwest, New York, Maryland), Japan, and northern to central Europe. Probably more widely distributed across the world. Comment: Not active, edible according to some, but not palatable. Høiland (1978) detected no psilocybin. This species was once considered a variety of Stropharia squamosa (now a Psilocybe) and is very similar to it in appearance, differing in the cap coloration. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe uruguayensisPsilocybe uruguayensis Singer ex Guzmán |
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Habitat: Gregarious on horse dung, only known from the type locality. Studied material: URUGUAY, Montevideo, Parque Nacional Carrasco, April 3, 1960, García Zorrón 2439 (Holotype BAFC: Isotypes in MICH and ENCB). Discussion: The name Psilocybe uruguayensis was given to a collection in BAFC by Singer but remained unpublished. Singer thinks that this species stains blue when fresh. It is close to Psilocybe blattariopsis (Speg.) Sing. but this species has brown pleurocystidia according to a study of the type (Spegazzini 1535, LPS). It is also close to Psilocybe subaeruginascens Höhnel, Psilocybe stuntzii Guzmán & Ott and Psilocybe venenata (Imai) Imaz. & Hongo, but differs in the size of the cheilocystidia and spores; it is interesting to see the geographical distribution of these species; Psilocybe subaeruginascens is only known from Java, Psilocybe venenata from Japan and Psilocybe stuntzii from the NW of North America. (See discussion of Psilocybe blattariopsis). source - www.mycotaxon.com [7 (2): 250-251] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe uxpanapensisPsilocybe uxpanapensis Guzmán (1979) |
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Habitat: Solitary or gregarious on soil or near trails. Distribution: In tropical virgin rain forests. Known only from Mexico (Uxpanapa region). Season: During the summer rains. Dosage: Unknown. Comment: According to Guzmán, many fungi from the tropical virgin rainforests are almost lost. The vegetation for this and other similar species are almost destroyed throughout Mexico. The very area where this species was collected by Guzmán and Dr. A. L. Welden in 1976 was completely overturned in 1978 and is now a subagricultural land and meadow lands region. The name of this species is for the type locality. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe venenatasynonyms: Psilocybe venenata (Imai) Imazecki Psilocybe fasciata Hongo |
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Habitat: Gregarious to cespitose in the summer and autumn in disturbed habitats, in soils rich with lignicolous debris, and in deciduous or bamboo forests. Also found in composting soils rich with mixtures of rice hulls, straw or manure. Sometimes grows in lawns, along roadsides, or along interfaces in Japanese gardens. Reported only from Japan, but I suspect that this species is probably more widely distributed. Comment: Probably potent, although no analyses are known to me. Psilocybe venenata is a misnomer, as no deaths have actually occurred (despite erroneous reports) (Ott 1993). The symptoms produced are typical of other potent psilocybin species. For most collectors, the lighter color, strong bluing reaction, cespitose habit, and locality narrow the field of candidates to this species. Given its preference for habitats, this species is likely to be cultivated outdoors amongst bamboo or in gardenlike settings in a similar fashion to Psilocybe cyanescens and Psilocybe azurescens. See also Psilocybe argentipes and Psilocybe subcaerulipes. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe villarrealiaePsilocybe villarrealiae Guzmán synonyms: Psilocybe villarrealii Guzmán |
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Habitat: Common in the Mexican State of Jalisco, the influence of many new, as well as old ecosystems and microclimates are important for the distribution of these species. Riparian forests extend from sea level to about 2800 m elevation, with species of Populus predominating in arid and semi-arid regions of northern Mexico and species of Alnus in more temperate zones with cooler climates area good habitat for finding this species. Psilocybe villarrealiae is a big mushroom, preferring to grow near rivers and along river creeks with vegetation classified as clod. Subtropical forests appear to be a natural humid habitat for these species, as well as are open spaces and under bushes. Sometimes, large collections of this species can be observed near Magnolia spp., and Alnus spp., where wood debris is buried and mixed with muddy soil, red soil, in pine forest mixed with oaks, and in subtropical forests near small creeks. Distribution: It has a logistic distribution in Jalisco and can be found in the towns of San Sebastian del Oeste, Mascota, and Zapopan. Psilocybe villarrealiae also occurs in many other regions of Jalisco such as in Sierra de Quila. Season: Generally, rainy season occurs in certain parts of Mexico from June through September. However, we report that sometimes the mushrooms appear as early as May and continue to fruit until October. Dosage: Unknown. Comment: Psilocybe villarrealiae acts as a second decomposer, growing from sawdust, which we were able to observe in the town of Mascota, and we also found it to be growing out doors as well. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe washingtonensisPsilocybe washingtonensis A.H.Sm. (1946) |
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Habitat: Scattered to gregarious in forests, directly on decaying conifer wood in the fall. Reported from Mt. Angeles on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State and along the Salmon River near Welches, Oregon. Probably more widely distributed. Comment: Activity unknown. Psilocybe washingtonensis could be weakly psilocybin. It bears similarity to Psilocybe physaloides and to a lesser degree Psilocybe pelliculosa, although the latter species lacks pleurocystidia. The overall aspect of this mushroom places it into a cluster of difficult-to-delineate taxa, unless microscopic examination is conducted. Several mycenoid Hypholomas (=Naematolomas), look very similar, including Hypholomas udum, Hypholomas dispersum, and allies. See also Psilocybe silvatica and Psilocybe crobula. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe wassoniorumPsilocybe wassoniorum Guzmán & Pollock (1979) synonyms: Psilocybe fagicola R. Heim & Cailleux Psilocybe fagicola var. mesocystidiata Guzmán (1978) Psilocybe xalapensis Guzmán & López (1979) |
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Habitat: Solitary or in small groups in open areas of subtropical deciduous forests. Originally found from Veracruz, Mexico, in June and July, at an elevation of 1700-1800 meters. Probably more widely distributed. Comment: Active, but potency unknown. Originally found by the late Steven Pollock, and re-collected by Jim Jacobs, this relatively rare species is distinct for its solitary habit and long pseudorhiza. Named to honor the works of the Wassons, this species is not related to Psilocybe wassonii (=Psilocybe muliercula). See also Psilocybe herrerae, a similar species with a long pseudorhiza. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe wayanadensisPsilocybe wayanadensis K. A. Thomas, Manim. & Guzmán |
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Habitat: On soil rich with wood chips, gregarious to scattered, July-October. Known only from the type locality. Studied material: India, Kerala State, Wayanad District, Muthanga, 21 July 1999, Thomas T-320a (holotype, XAL; isotype, L); 25 July 1999, Thomas T-320b (XAL, L); 27 July 1999, Thomas T-320c (XAL, L); 31 October 1999, Thomas T-320d (XAL, L). Discussion: The annulus, the subrhomboid, thick-walled spores, and the bluing reaction place this new species in Sect. Stuntzii Guzmán (Guzmán, 1983). It is different from Psilocybe stuntzii Guzmán & Ott from the USA in the presence of pleurocystidia and in the shape of the cheilocystidia. Psilocybe subaeruginascens Hohnel from Java and southern Japan is a close species, but the spores are (8-) 9-10 (-13) x 7-8 (-8.5) x 5-7 µm and the cheilocystidia are (16-) 18-23 (-33) x (4.5-) 5.5-9 µm (Guzmán, 1983). Psilocybe septentrionalis (Guzmán) Guzmán (Guzmán, 1995), known only from northern Japan, is also a very close species, but differs in the size and shape of pleurocystidia (14-23 x 9-10 µm) and cheilocystidia (16-25 x 5.5-7.5 µm). source - www.mycotaxon.com [83: 198-202] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe weiliiPsilocybe weilii Guzmán, Stamets & F. Tapia |
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Habitat: Gregarious to cespitose, sometimes scattered in red clay soil topped with a thin layer of needles from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) underneath sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua). First reported from southeastern Cherokee County, in northern Georgia, after hurricane Opal swept through in 1995. Fruiting from early September through November, between temperatures of 45°-80°F, preferring 60°C-75°. Comment: 0.61% psilocybin, 0.27% psilocin, 0.05% baeocystin, and 0.32% tryptophan. This is the first report of a lignicolous, caerulescent Psilocybe from Georgia. The association with pine needles, along an interface ecosystem (just beyond the edge of an eight-year-old yard lined with shrubs, and in red-clay soils), are habits typical of many other Psilocybes. Additionally, the strong bluing reaction and its tendency to form clusters are characteristics also shared with Psilocybe caerulescens, Psilocybe baeocystis, Psilocybe aztecorum and Psilocybe heliconia. The name Psilocybe weilii is being reserved as a provisional name (nom. prov.) until the name is published in a mycological journal. (Guzmán, Tapia, and Stamets 1996). The name honors Andrew Weil and his role in promoting the beneficial properties of mushrooms. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe weraroaPsilocybe weraroa Borov., Oborník & Noordel. (2011) synonyms: Secotium novae-zelandiae G.Cunn. (1924) Weraroa novae-zelandiae (G.Cunn.) Singer (1958) |
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Habitat: Dead tree ferns and other woody debris. Climate temperate. Comment: Weraroa novae-zelandiae (Weraroa novaezelandiae) is a rare secotioid form of caerulescent Psilocybe known only from the North Island of New Zealand. In general, secotioid mushrooms appear to be lumpy, malformed mushrooms that never open up to expose their gills (or tubes in boletes). A cross section will reveal a convoluted mass of gills and sometimes a stem. Since the cap never opens up, the spores are not forcibly discharged and the mushroom must rely on animals or insects to eat and disperse them. Slugs seem to be especially attracted to Weraroa novae-zelandiae and most specimens are found to have slug damage. If not eaten, the mushrooms can persist for months before slowly succumbing to decay. Weraroa novae-zelandiae was first described in detail by Cunningham in 1924 (as Secotium novae-zelandiae). In 1958, Singer made the connection between Weraroa novae-zelandiae and the bluing Psilocybes based on similar spore types and blue staining. He further speculated that Weraroa was the probable ancestor of the Strophariaceae (the family containing the genera Hypholoma, Psilocybe and Stropharia). Singer didn't mention any hallucinogenic properties and no one will for almost 50 more years. In 2005 Internet postings about the recreational use of Weraroa novae-zelandiae for its hallucinogenic effects were noticed by New Zealand mycologist Peter Johnston. The postings prompted molecular work (currently unpublished) by secotioid expert Ross Beever which reveals that Weraroa novae-zelandiae is very closely related to Psilocybe subaeruginosa, which appears to be synonymous with Psilocybe cyanescens. Cultivation experiments also support this close affinity with Psilocybe cyanescens and other temperate wood-inhabiting Psilocybes. Weraroa novae-zelandiae now appears to be only distantly related to other species of Weraroa such as Weraroa erythrocephala and Weraroa virescens. source - www.sporeworks.com Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe wrightiiPsilocybe wrightii Guzmán |
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Habitat: Gregarious on grassy soil outside of the subtropical forest at 900 m elevation. Studied material: ARGENTINA, road Tucumán to Tafi del Valle, 3 km W of Station Aforos, Febr. 18, 1971, Guzmán 8683 (holotype BAFC; isotype ENCB). Discussion: Psilocybe wrightii is close to Psilocybe caerulescens Murr. but the pleurocystidia and the pigmented trama separate it from the latter as well as the thin floccose stipe. The report of Psilocybe caerulescens by Singer and Digilio (1951) from the Rio de los Sosas, which is close to Aforo Station, it is possible a record of Psilocybe wrightii (no material of that species was available to the author in LIL and in BAFC). The species here described, is certainly hallucinogenic because of its bluing, and its taste and flavor. It is named after Dr. J.E. Wright, who helped the author during his collecting trip to Argentina in 1971. source - www.mycotaxon.com [7 (2): 251-252] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe yungensisPsilocybe yungensis Singer & A.H.Sm. (1958) synonyms: Psilocybe yungensis var. diconica A.H.Smith (1958) Psilocybe acutissima Heim (1959) Psilocybe chiapanensis Guzmán (1995) Psilocybe isauri Singer (1959) Psilocybe subyungensis Guzmán (1978) |
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Habitat: Most frequently found in clusters or gregariously on rotting wood, sometimes at the bases of stumps, in coffee plantations or subtropical forests at 1000-2000 meters. Reported from Colombia and Ecuador, and extending north to Mexico. In June and July. Also reported from Bolivia in January. Probably more widely distributed than presently known. Comment: Moderately active; analyses not available. This mushroom is distinct for its penchant for growing in great numbers on decomposing stumps or wood debris, its orangish color, and that the caps remain conic at maturity. I find the common name especially revealing. Few species resemble Psilocybe yungensis. See also Psilocybe aztecorum. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe zapotecoantillarumPsilocybe zapotecoantillarum Guzmán, T. J. Baroni & Lodge |
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Habitat: Gregarious on bare or mossy soil, in tropical forests. Known only from Puerto Rico. Studied material: PUERTO RICO, Mun. Río Grande, Luquillo Mountains, La Mina Recreation Area, Caimitillo Trail, 11 Jun 1997, coll. Baroni, ledger Nieves-Rivera PR-797 (PR-4401, NY); 23 May 2000, Cantrell & Salgado (holotype PR-6167, CFMR, isotype, XAL); Baño de Oro Trail, 7 Oct 2000, Lodge & Pérez (PR-6269, UPRRP, CFMR and XAL). Discussion: Psilocybe zapotecoantillarum belong to section Zapotecorum because of the caerulescent nature of fresh basidiomata and thin-walled subellipsoid spores. Psilocybe zapotecorum Heim emend Guzmán (Guzmán 1983) differs most noticeably from Psilocybe zapotecoantillarum because of differences in the size and form of the pleurocystidia, which are longer and broader (20-38 x 5.5-14 µm) and of different morphologies (ventricose, fusoid-clavate, submucronate or pyriform). The form of the cheilocystidia in Psilocybe zapotecorum is also quite different (ventricose, fusoid-pyriform, ventricose-rostrate or lageniform) (Guzmán 1983). Other taxa that should be compared with Psilocybe zapotecoantillarum are Psilocybe angustipleurocystidiata Guzmán and Psilocybe sanctorum Guzmán. These species differ from Psilocybe zapotecoantillarum in the size of the cheilocystidia, (10-) 13-24 x (2.5-) 5-6.5 (-8) µm and 13.5-29 x 6-17 µm, respectively. Psilocybe subzapotecorum Guzmán has two types of pleurocystidia (Guzmán 2000) and Psilocybe barrerae Cifuentes & Guzmán emend Guzmán has broader pleurocystidia, (6-) 7-10 (-12) µm (Guzmán et al 1999, Guzmán 2000). Psilocybe halioconiae Guzmán, Saldarriaga, Pineda, García & Velázquez from Colombia (Guzmán et al 1994) differs in the cheilocystidia, which are only up to 24 µm long and rarely sublageniform, ventricose-fusoid to submoniliform. source - www.mycologia.org [95 (6): 1175-1176] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe zapotecocaribaeaPsilocybe zapotecocaribaea Guzmán, Ramírez-Guillén & T. J. Baroni |
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Habitat: MARTINIQUE, Lorrain River, 100 m altitude, 1 Jun 1975, Fiard 318 (holotype K(M) 84366, as Psilocybe yungensis by Pegler). Discussion: Psilocybe zapotecocaribaea belongs to section Zapotecorum because of the subellipsoid, thin-walled spores and bluing stipe tissues of the basidiomata. This collection originally was studied and considered by Peglera (1983) as Psilocybe yungensis Singer & A.H. Smith. However Psilocybe yungensis has distinctly rhomboid or subrhomboid, thick-walled basidiospores and belongs in section Cordisporae. Psilocybe zapotecocaribea is somewhat similar to Psilocybe zapotecoantillarum but differs by the cheilocystidia that are not branched and rarely lageniform in Psilocybe zapotecoantillarum. Psilocybe zapotecocaribaea also has white floccose scales covering the stipe, which are lacking in Psilocybe zapotecoantillarum. Psilocybe zapotecocaribaea also should be compared to Psilocybe ramulosum (Guzmán & Gononi) Guzmán. Psilocybe ramulosum differs from Psilocybe zapotecocaribaea in highly branched cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia that are longer than found in Psilocybe zapotecaribaea (15-35 (-45) µm long; Guzmán 1995). source - www.mycologia.org [95 (6): 1176-1178] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Psilocybe zapotecorumPsilocybe zapotecorum Heim emend Guzmán synonyms: Psilocybe aggericola Singer & A.H. Sm. Psilocybe barrerae Cifuentes & Guzmán Psilocybe subzapotecorum Guzmán Psilocybe chaconii Guzmán, M. Torres & Ram.-Guill. Psilocybe bolivarii Guzmán, Ciencia (Méx.) Psilocybe zapotecorum var. ramulosum Psilocybe sanctorum Psilocybe sanctorum Guzmán Psilocybe candidipes Singer & A.H. Sm. Psilocybe aggericola var. alvaradoi Psilocybe zapotecorum f. elongata Psilocybe pseudozapotecorum Guzmán Psilocybe microcystidiata Guzmán & Bononi |
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Habitat: Cespitose to gregarious, rarely scattered, in swampy or muddy soils, in humus rich with leaves and wood debrs, in marshy deciduous forests, and in coffee plantations. Frequently found on the faces of ravines with exposed soils. Found in southern Mexico (600-1800 meters) and subtropical South America. (Collected in Colombia, Peru, Brazil, and Argentina.) Guzmán (1983) reported that this mushroom is sometimes found inside the mud houses of native peoples (Zapotecs), a curious if not spiritually prophetic phenomenon. Comment: A potent and strongly bluing mushroom Psilocybe zapotecorum is comparatively large and can sometimes be covered with sand as it forces its way up through soils. From Brazilian specimens, Stijve and de Meijer (1993) found up to 0.30% psilocybin and 1% psilocin, which probably accounts for the strong bluing reaction. Not surprisingly, Heim and Hofmann (1958) found only 0.05% psilocybin and no psilocin in two-year-old specimens. One of the most curious species in the genus Psilocybe, this mushroom has a typically asymmetrical cap that is often convoluted in form. This mushroom is held in high esteem by native Mazatecs and Zapotecs. These two species have been confused frequently. The photographs labeled as Psilocybe caerulescens by Ott and Bigwood (1978) and as Psilocybe caerulescens-zapotecorum complex by Stamets (1978) are, in fact, Psilocybe zapotecorum. Heim and Callieux (1959) successfully fruited this species in Erlenmeyer flasks in sterilized, mixed compost after forty days of incubation (24-26°C). source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Panaeolus affinisPanaeolus affinis (E. Horak) Ew.Gerhardt synonyms: Copelandia affinis E. Horak |
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Habitat: On soil between leaf litter. Occasionally rotten wood. Studied material: Holotype from New Guinea, Papua, Bulolo, (Agathis Res, Horak, 2.2.1972, p.p.maj. Copelandia affinis (ZT 72/121)). As yet, this species is known only from New Guinea (Asia). Only two collections were examined (the type and one other) as part of Gerhardt's Type Study. Discussion: This species is distinguished from Panaeolus cyanescens mainly by the smaller spores. It should also be mentioned that the soil or decomposing wood substrates would make this Panaeolus very unique. Panaeolus lentisporus, is very similar, but its spores are even more flattened, also has even broader spores with an extremely prominent protruding germ pore. Comment: The type material collected was abundant and in good condition. In Gerhardt's research he found that a few specimens differed significantly in its spore for. He separated these into a collection that he labeled as No. 72/121-a, distinguished from the remaining material. From No. 72/121-a, he described Panaeolus lentisporus. The majority of the collection was in agreement with the characteristics given in the original description. Horak's dimensions for the spores were 9-10 x 7.5-9 x 5-6.5 µm (which is shorter). This may be because Horak had not measured spores that were produced from 2-spored basidia. Also, two-sterigmate basidia were not mentioned in Horak's description. source - www.mushroomobserver.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Panaeolus africanusPanaeolus africanus Ola'h |
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Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Found on hippopotamus and elephant dung. Distribution: Central Africa to the Southern Regions of the Sudan. Season: In the spring or during the rainy seasons. Dosage: According to French-Canadian mycologist G-M. Ola'h of the Universite Laval in Quebec, Canada reported that this species is weakly active. Comment: This species macroscopically resembles the non-psychoactive species, Panaeolus antillarum. Accodring to Paul Stamets, he found one small collection of this species at the Seattle, Washington Zoo in elephant dung. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Panaeolus antillarumPanaeolus antillarum (Fr.) Dennis synonyms: Agaricus antillarum Agaricus solidipes Panaeolus phalaenarum Panaeolus sepulchralis Psilocybe antillarum |
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Gregarious to subcespitose in manure of cattle, gaur, water buffalo, sheep and sometimes horses. And many other four-legged ruminants. Distribution: Widely distributed with a cosmopolitan distribution. Season: In the spring and fall and during the rainy seasons. The author has found this species to be common in Thailand and Cambodia as well as Florida and other regions of the USA and Europe Dosage: This species is not psychoactive. Comment: In the late 1940s this species gained a reputation in Australia as the "Hysteria Fungus" allegedly causing accidental hallucinogenic inebriations in foragers in some parts of that country. Later it was determined that the actual causative mushrooms were Copelandia cyanescens which is macroscopically similar in appearance to Panaeolus antillarum. This species is edible but it's bitter rancid taste is not worth eating. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Panaeolus bisporusPanaeolus bisporus (Malencon and Bertault) Singer and Weeks synonyms: Panaeolus bispora Copelandia bisporus Copelandia bispora |
Macroscopic feat.:
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Preferably the dung of buffalo and cattle, sometimes in manured soil, but rare. Originally only know of from Morocco, Africa and then from Hawaii, a recent discovery of this mushroom in abundance appeared in a lawn of a Churchyard of Belp near Bern, Switzerland. Additionally, it has also once reported from Spain. Distribution: North Africa and Hawaii, Spain and Switzerland. Season: During and after rainy periods. Dosage: 4 to 7 to 10 fresh mushrooms, 1-2 dried grams. Comment: Common on Oahu at Kualoa Ranch and at pastures on Oahu's North Shore. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Panaeolus cambodginiensisPanaeolus cambodginiensis Ola'h & R.Heim synonyms: Copelandia cambodginiensis (Ola'h & R.Heim) Singer & R.A.Weeks |
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Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Scattered to gregarious on dung of buffalo and cattle. Distribution: Originally described from Cambodia. This species is also found in Peru, Mexico, and Hawaii. Season: During and after heavy rains at different times of the year depending on the location of the fruiting bodies. Dosage: 7 to 10 fresh mushrooms and from 1-2 grams dried. Comment: Stephen Pollock successfully cultivated this species back in the late 1970's. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Panaeolus cinctulusPanaeolus cinctulus (Bolton) Saccardo (1887) synonyms: Agaricus cinctulus Bolton (1791) Coprinus cinctulus (Bolton) Gray (1821) Agaricus fimicola var. cinctulus (Bolton) Cooke (1883) Panaeolus fimicola var. cinctulus (Bolton) Rea (1922) Panaeolus subbalteatus (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. |
Panaeolus cinctulus is probably the most important psychoactive species in the genus Panaeolus in Europe. It grows directly on top of dung and on pastures that have been heavily fertilised. It can also be found on trash heaps or on compost or straw on which mushrooms are commercially cultivated. We have grown this species on a mixture of dung and straw. We were also able to cultivate this species on sterilised grass seed cased with a mixture of peat and vermiculite (the same substrate that is used for Psilocybe tampanensis and Psilocybe mexicana). Although the fruitbodies were smaller than those grown on dung the first flush on grass seed was much bigger. The first picture shows the first flush on cased sterilised grass seed. The second image shows some mushrooms grown on a sterilised mixture of straw and dung. The difference in appearance is very obvious although the same strain was used for inoculation. The mycelium of this species had a characteristic flaky appearance, especially on grain and agar (third and fourth picture). It does not hold the substrate together firmly like for instance Psilocybe cubensis. The mycelium also forms small sclerotia-like structures. Growth parameters: Substrate: Dung, straw, compost, grass seeds. Temperature: colonisation/fruiting: 27-30°C / 24-27°C source - www.mushmush.nl Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Panaeolus chlorocystisPanaeolus chlorocystis (Singer & R.A. Weeks) Ew. Gerhardt synonyms: Copelandia chlorocystis Singer & R.A. Weeks |
Macroscopic feat.:
Microscopic feat.:
source - www.mushroomobserver.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Panaeolus cyanescensPanaeolus cyanescens (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. synonyms: Agaricus cyanescens Copelandia anomala Copelandia cyanescens Copelandia papilonacea Copelandia westii |
Were sure you've all heard about how potent Panaeolus cyanescens and Panaeolus tropicalis are. According to scientific reports published by P. Stamets and others, they are reported as the 4th most potent mushrooms God has put on this planet we call earth. Panaeolus cyanescens grows scattered to gregariously in dung and fertilised pastures and fields. Widespread in most semitropical zones and occasionally seen in the Mediterranean region. We have grown this species on a mixture of straw and dung with a thin casing layer. It is very important that the casing layer is not too thick as this species seems to have difficulty growing through it. A thin casing layer owever seems necessary for fruiting. This species is a very strong producer of psilocybin/psilocyn and mushrooms show a very strong blueing reaction when bruised. Well, straight up, they are very potent and deliver an extremely beautiful vibe beyond description. So peacefull and colorfull, very potent yet about the "smoothest" mushroom experience out there in my opinion. Its hard to put it into words, you just have to experience them, and you will know. Pure bliss! That is the good news. The bad news is they are not near as easy to grow as cubensis, but they do domesticate, and can be grown indoors with a little patience and lots of TLC. Plan on a few failures along with your success, its par for the course with this species as the mycelium is rather weak and easily contaminates. Ok, now that we just scared you off, come back. They are not that hard, we just suggest you don't try these until you've had experience growing other mushrooms. These are geared towards the intermediate and advanced growers. Growth parameters: Substrate: Dung, straw, compost. Temperature: colonisation/fruiting: 26-29°C / 23-26°C source - www.thehawkseye.com Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Panaeolus fimicolaPanaeolus fimicola (Pers.) Gillet synonyms: Panaeolus ater (Lange) Kuhner & Romagnesi |
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Habitat: Growing scattered in soil or dung from the late spring and in the fall. Sometimes found in well-fertilized lawns and/or grassy places in woods. Widespread, reported from the Americas, Africa, and Europe. Comment: Looking very much like a Psilocybe, especially in side view, this species is a latent producer of psilocybin, meaning that some collections, upon analysis, reveal a small amount of active indoles while other collections are devoid of them. Although widespread, this species is infrequently encountered compared to many other Panaeoli. Gerhardt (1996) showed synonymy between Panaeolus fimicola and Panaeolus ater. See also Panaeolus castaneifolius, Panaeolus foenisecii, and Panaeolus papilionaceus. Below Panaeolus fimicola growing from cow dung. Not active to weakly active. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Panaeolus lentisporusPanaeolus lentisporus Ew.Gerhardt synonyms: Copelandia lentisporus (Ew. Gerhardt) Guzmán |
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Habitat: Habitat (according Horak 1980) on soil between scattered, occasionally on rotten wood. The habitat and wide spores separate Panaeolus lentisporus from Panaeolus affinis. Comment: Panaeolus lentisporus is distinguished from Panaeolus affinis by its more strongly flattened spores, which are often wider than they are long in face view. This character is unique in the genus. In direct comparison, they are clearly separable from Panaeolus affinis spores, which are always slightly longer than broad. The clearly brought-forward germ pore of the spores of Panaeolus lentisporus is another prominent feature. Microscopically, the spores also appear slightly darker, slightly flatter than in Panaeolus affinis and metuloids in its entirety. I am convinced that even more macroscopic or ecological differences would be discovered with more knowledge of the species. Distribution: Holotype from New Guinea, Papua, Bulolo, Agathis Res, Horak, 02.02.1972, ppmin. "Copelandia affinis" (ZT 72/121a). So far known only from New Guinea (Asia). Notes: Horak (briefl. release) kept all his material for a type. Furthermore, he was of the opinion that the different spore form comes about through probably immature fruiting bodies. Gerhardt disagreed because it is well known that for all species of the genus Panaeolus, the spores in the same lamella mature unequally (mottled gills). So every gill should always have both mature and immature spores, which can be seen from the different spore wall color. This would also mean that both spore forms would have to have been found within a specimen, but just the opposite was found: Gerhardt found with each fruitbody, either only one or the other spore type. Thus, wider spores represented a reliable character for the separation of the two species. source - www.mushroomobserver.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Panaeolus olivaceusPanaeolus olivaceus F.H.Müller (1945) synonyms: Panaeolus castaneifolius (Murrill) A.H. Sm. Panaeolina castaneifolia (Murrill) Bon; Panaeolina castaneifolia (Murrill) Ew. Gerhardt |
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Habitat: Grows scattered to gregariously Distribution: Well kept grass, in lawns, parks and around well manicured buildings. Some believe that there is a correlation between this species and dog stool, but there is no hard evidence to back that up. It has been collected in the U.S. states of Washington, Oregon, Georgia, Canada's Quebec and in the United Kingdom Season: Late summer through December. Dosage:
Comment: Latently psilocybin, according to Ola'h (1969), and when so, weak. Some but not all collections of this species contain psilocybin. Distinguished from Panaeolus foenisecii by the color of the mature gills and spore deposit, which are very dark purplish gray-black. Notes: It is easily mistaken for Panaeolus cinctulus and can be distinguished from that species by its more campanulate cap shape when young and slightly roughened spores. source - www.shroomery.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Panaeolus papilionaceusPanaeolus papilionaceus var. papilionaceus (Bull. ex Fries) Quélet synonyms: Agaricus calosus Agaricus campanulatus Agaricus papilionaceus Galerula campanulata Panaeolus campanulatus Panaeolus retirugis Panaeolus sphinctrinus |
Microscopic feat.:
Habitat: Saprobic; growing alone to gregariously in the dung of horses and cows; common; widely distributed in North America; spring, summer, and fall (and over winter in warmer climates). source - www.shroomery.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Panaeolus tirunelveliensisPanaeolus tirunelveliensis (Natarajan & Raman) Ew.Gerhardt synonyms: Copelandia tirunelveliensis Natarajan & Raman |
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Panaeolus tropicalisPanaeolus tropicalis Ola'h synonyms: Copelandia tropicalis (Ola'h) Singer & R.A. Weeks |
It grows in the wild on very old dung in tall grass and on the dung of wild animals in the tropics. A very (maybe the most) potent species of psilocybin mushroom on earth! This species is reported from Hawaii, Central Africa and Cambodia. This mushroom is a close relative of Panaeolus cyanescens and can be grown in the same manner Were very excited to bring you the very rare Panaeolis tropicalis. It is believed The Panaeolus tropicalis originated from the Hawaiian Islands and was carried over to S. Fork Florida on Pineapple ships years ago and became a native to certain areas of Florida. Those that are fortunate enough to find or legally grow this very potent treasured species of Panaeolus are certainly blessed. We have found the best way to grow this species is to take colonized rice and vermiculite or birdseed and vermiculite... and use the colonized grain to inoculate old dung.. preferably straw fed dung..and the then give it a light casing layer....It will also fruit on compost very well... and on straw.. but best results so far have been found with the old pasteurized dung. I have to say... I'm very excited about this species as it is one of the most potent species I've ever tried.... as potent as the azure in my opinion. According to all of our friends who have tried them in Amsterdam Its extremely visual... a very nice clean, vibe.....tasty...and just delivers a very powerful, colorful journey into the mind. We ask those of you who fruit this species to keep us updated on your progress so we can all share our experiments and make such a beautiful and potent species easier to fruit for beginners. At this point I would say this species is not for beginners at all.. but more geared towards the intermediate experimental and advanced growing level. Don't get us wrong it can be fruited.. but will be fruited much easier by those that have some good experience with growing mushrooms from straw.. dung.. and/or compost..... it will not fruit like your typical cubensis or from mmgg/pf style cakes... it will colonize this way.. but not fruit.. you will need your substrate as spawn to inoculate the above suggested substrates. All I have to say is.. this mushroom ROCKS..... the mind and spirit.. ..Open your mind.. because this mushroom is the KIND !!!. Growth parameters: Substrate: Dung, straw, compost. Temperature: colonisation/fruiting: 26-29°C / 23-26°C source - www.thehawkseye.com Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Panaeolus venezolanusPanaeolus venezolanus Guzmán synonyms: Panaeolus annulatus Natarajan & Raman |
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Habitat: Gregarious on cow dung or on rich soils, in meadows of the subtropical forests. Known from Venezuela and possibly also present in subtropical and tropical regions of Mexico. Studied material: VENEZUELA, N of Mérida, San Javier del Valle, July 27, 1971, Guzmán 9177 (Type, MER; isotype, ENCB) Discussion: The well developed annulus in the adult fruiting bodies is a good feature to separate this species from all others known in the genus. It is rather close to Panaeolus sphinctrinus (Fr.) Quél., but the rimose pileus, the size of the spores, and the presence of an annulus separate it from that species. Panaeolus sphinctrinus does not have a ring, and the pileus is smooth. Its spores according to Singer (1960) are 12.5-14.5 x 8-10 µm; according to Ola'h (1969) are 14.5-18 x 10.5-12.6 µm, and according to Kühner & Romagnesi (1953) are 14-18 x 10-12 µm. Guzmán and Pérez Patraca (1972) reported two groups of Panaeolus sphinctrinus from México, one with spores 12-16.8 x 8.4-12 µm and another with spores 14-18.2 x 9.8-13.5 µm, and as they mentioned, it seems that there is one Panaeolus sphinctrinus in tropical and subtropical regions with small spores and another in temperate regions with large spores. Panaeolus venezolanus is close to that from the tropics and subtropics. The author even had observed some "Panaeolus sphinctrinus" with an annulus in the tropics of México, but unfortunately he did not study them. Another species of Panaeolus close to Panaeolus venezolanus is Panaeolus phalaenarum (Fr.) Quél. sensu Singer (1969), reported from Chile and Europe, which also has a veil that remains as a narrow annular belt, but has spores of 13.5-17 x 5.5-11.5 x 7.7-9.4 µm. Panaeolus semiovatus (Sow ex Fr.) Lund. Et Nannf. (=Anellaria, Pearson and Dennis), a well known annulate species of the alpine or paramo vegetation, is distinguished from Panaeolus venezolanus by the white fruiting body as well as by the chrysocystidia and size of the spores. This species, together with other Panaeolus spp. and Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Sing. is used by the students in Mérida, Venezuela, as a drug that provokes gastrointestinal intoxication, as the author observed in the field and as reported by Llorca Izquierdo (1972). source - www.mycotaxon.com [7 (2): 221-223] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Conocybe cyanopusConocybe cyanopus (Atkins) Kühner synonyms: Pholiotina cyanopus (Atkinson) Singer Pholiotina cyanopoda (G.F. Atk.) Singer; Conocybe cyanopoda (G.F. Atk.) Kühner Galerula cyanopus G.F. Atk. |
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Habitat: Scattered in grassy areas and fields. Distribution: Oregon, Washington and British Columbia, Canada. Season: Spring, Summer and fall. Dosage: 40-50 small specimens, 1/3 of a fresh ounce and/or 1 dried gram. This species grows only to three inches in height. Comment: This species grows in sphagnum moss only during the early spring rains along streams and riverbanks in grassy areas. I found this species only four times during the past 35 years. It has a watery white stem with an enlarged base which immediately stains blue when lifted from the earth and moss. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Conocybe kuehnerianaConocybe kuehneriana Singer synonyms: Conocybe velutipes Singer Galera velutipes Velen. |
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Habitat: Found in grass and mulch. Sometimes on "Mix'nMulch" in greenhouse reported finds. source - www.shroomery.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Conocybe smithiiConocybe smithii Watling synonyms: Galera cyanopes |
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Habitat: Scattered to numerous in moss in and about sphagnum bogs, and in damp wet places. Distribution: Reported from Washington, Oregon, and Michigan, probably more widely distributed. Not known from Europe. Season: Spring, Summer and fall. Comment: Probably active, given the bluing reaction, and containing up to 0.80% baeocystin (Repke et al. 1977). The geographical range of this species is likely to be much more extensive than the literature presently indicates. This species can be found in mossy areas of wet fields. Visually, this species is hard to distinguish from Conocybe cyanopus. Microscopically, these two taxa can be separated by spore size. Dosage: Assuming the small size of this species and its macroscopic similarity to Conocybe cyanopus, I imagine that 40-50 small specimens, 1/3 of a fresh ounce and/or 1 dried gram would be about the same dosage as that of Conocybe cyanopus. This species seems to fruit to a size smaller than Conocybe cyanopus. (accrd. www.mushroomjohn.org) source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Galerina steglichii |
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Habitat: Found in a green house in Germany. Distribution: Possibly tropical climates since it was only found once in a hothouse in Germany. Season: Warm and after rainfalls in tropical climates? Dosage: Unknown. And not recommended due to it's relationship with the deadly species of Galerina. Comment: Galerina steglichii is a tiny bluing tropical(?) species that was recently discovered in a hot house in the botanic gardens of Regensburg in Bavaria (GFR). Both psilocybine and psilocine were reported by Besl as occurring in this species. Gartz also analyzed some specimens in 1994. It was baptized in honour of Wolfgang Steglich, a chemist who has done a lot of research on, among others, fungal pigments. Gartz found both psilocine and psilocybine as well as small amounts of baeocystine in this species ranging from 0.05% to 0.14% dry weight. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Gymnopilus aeruginosusGymnopilus aeruginosus (Peck) Singer synonyms: Pholiota aeruginosa Peck |
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Habitat: Grows gregarious to cespitose on woody debris of hardwoods and conifers, wood chips, sawdust, and stumps from May to September across much of the United States (California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Michigan, Tennessee, Ohio, and Pennsylvania), central to northern Europe, and Japan. Comment: Moderately active. Few people have actually experimented with this mushroom, probably because it was not widely known to be active. There may be compounds other than psilocybin, but closely related, that potentiate the experiences of the consumer. This large Gymnopilus has a bitter taste and is flushed with bluish tones. A slight oily farinaceous odor with hints of anise has been reported from specimens found in the Pacific Northwest. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Gymnopilus braendleiGymnopilus braendlei (Peck) Hesler |
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Season: June through November. Habitat: Gymnopilus braendleigrows on dead hardwoods and probably conifers. It is widespread in the eastern U.S. Also present in the Western United States. Solitary to gregariously or in small clusters. Blueing: Green or blue bruising at the base and on the pileus, green spots on the pileus likely. Notes: Other Species: Gymnopilus punctifolius, Gymnopilus palmicola, Gymnopilus luteoviridis, Gymnopilus valipides, Gymnopilus liquiritiae, Gymnopilus viridans. source - www.shroomery.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Gymnopilus cyanopalmicolaGymnopilus cyanopalmicola Guzm. & Dáv |
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Season: March to September. Habitat: Gymnopilus palmicola a grows on the logs of palms, and on living orchids. It has been found in Cuba, Mexico, and Florida. Found growing solitary to gregariously or in small clusters. Blueing: Green or blue bruising at the base and on the pileus, green spots on the pileus likely. Dosage:
Notes: Other Species: Gymnopilus punctifolius, Gymnopilus palmicola, Gymnopilus luteoviridis, Gymnopilus valipides, Gymnopilus liquiritiae, Gymnopilus viridans. source - www.shroomery.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Gymnopilus junoniusGymnopilus junonius (Fr.) P.D.Orton (1960) synonyms: Agaricus aureus Bull. (1782) Agaricus junonius Fr. (1821) Lepiota aurea Gray (1821) Pholiota junonia (Fr.) P.Karst. (1879) Pholiota grandis Rea (1903) Pholiota spectabilis var. junonia (Fr.) J.E.Lange (1940) Gymnopilus spectabilis var. junonius (Fr.) Kühner & Romagn. (1953) |
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Habitat: Grows singularly but often caespitose, on stumps, logs, or on dead or living trees, sometimes terrestrial, growing from buried wood on both conifers and hardwood. Distribution: This species is widely distributed in the United States, Europe and in some regions of Australia. Season: It fruits from summer through the winter depending on the location and weather. Dosage: Large amounts of this bitter shroom are needed. Comment: This sometimes common species name has now been changed to Gymnopilus junonius. This is the correct name for "Gymnopilus spectabilis," according to taxonomists and mycologists. This is a very bitter tasting mushroom and large quantities need to be consumed for the desired effects. This mushroom has been known of in Japan for many centuries as 'wa-rai-take' (laughing mushroom) and/or as 'O-wa-rai-take' (big laughing mushroom). source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Gymnopilus liquiritiaeGymnopilus liquiritiae (Persoon: Fries) Karsten |
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Season: Much like other Gymnopilus species it is found Late July through November, but really depends on the conditions. Habitat: Gymnopilus liquiritiae is a widely distributed wood rotting mushroom, subcaespitose on conifer, seems to prefer dead hardwood in the southern regions. Much like Gymnopilus junonius these are found on decaying wood, both hardwoods and conifers. They are found mostly on conifers. They can grow on newly fallen trees sometimes as old as a year, but prefer older logs, fallen trees, and wood chips. Saprobic on the rotting wood of fallen hardwoods (especially in the south) and conifers (especially in the north and west); growing alone or gregariously; widely distributed; summer and fall. Singularly or in clusters, sometimes fruiting in great numbers in wood chips. Blueing: The cap will bruise blue or green upon handling or already have blue or green spots. The base will bruise blue or green as well as the stipe in some cases. Dosage:
Notes: One of its key distinguishing features is the lack of partial veil. Other Species: Gymnopilus punctifolius, Gymnopilus palmicola, Gymnopilus luteoviridis, Gymnopilus valipides, Gymnopilus viridans. source - www.shroomery.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Gymnopilus luteofoliusGymnopilus luteofolius (Peck) Singer |
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Habitat: The above photograph (see here) of Gymnopilus luteofolius was gathered terrestrial, growing from wood chips in a clearing by Jim Smith. Distribution: The above image of Gynnopilus luteofolius was collected and photographed by Jim Smith of CT at Deception Pass, Washington. Used with permission by Steven Peele of the FMRC. Season: It fruits from summer through the winter depending on the location and weather. Dosage: Dosage at this moment is not known. Some users have suggested that large amounts of this bitter shroom are needed for their desired psilophoric effects, but caution blows in the wind. Try 1-2 small to medium to find desired dosage. Comment: This is a very bitter tasting mushroom and a large or or few specimens may be consumed for the desired effects. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Gymnopilus luteoviridisGymnopilus luteoviridis (Thiers) (1959) |
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Habitat: Gymnopilus luteoviridis is found growing gregarious to cespitose on oak stumps and hardwoods from August to November. It is widely distributed in eastern North America. source - www.wikipedia.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Gymnopilus luteusGymnopilus luteus (Peck) Hesler) synonyms: Pholiota lutea |
Discussion: Gymnopilus luteus also called the "Yellow Gymnopilus" is a widely distributed mushroom of the Eastern United States, it contains the hallucinogens psilocybin and psilocin. Often mistaken for Gymnopilus junonius. Macroscopic feat.:
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Habitat: Gymnopilus luteus is found growing solitary to gregariously or in small clusters on dead hardwood and possibly conifers, June - November, widely distributed in eastern North America. Blueing: Green or light blue bruising at the base on possibly on the pileus. source - www.wikipedia.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Gymnopilus punctifoliusGymnopilus punctifolius (Peck) Singer |
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Season: August through December. Habitat: On coniferous wood debris, and rich humus. Idaho, Washington, Oregon, and California. Gymnopilus purpuratus is found growing solitary to gregariously or in small clusters. Blueing: Green or blue bruising at the base and on the pileus, green spots on the pileus likely. Dosage:
Notes: The description of microscopic characters in based on a study of the type of Cortinarius punctifolis pk. Smith recognized that this species and Murrill's Flammula subviridis were one and the same. The pileus colors, and dotted gills, and filiform pileocystidia are distinctive. Many of the dried basidiocarps retain blue-green to green tints. Other Species: Gymnopilus palmicola, Gymnopilus luteoviridis, Gymnopilus valipides, Gymnopilus liquiritiae, Gymnopilus viridans. source - www.shroomery.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Gymnopilus purpuratusGymnopilus purpuratus Gymnopilus purpuratus (Cooke & Massee) Singer |
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Habitat: Gregarious on rotted wood. Distribution: The Austral Floral Zone, Chili, Argentina, Great Britain and Germany. Season: Fall months. Dosage: Unknown, but considering the large size of this species, caution should be taken when attempting to consume this mushrooms. Comment: This species was first identified in Australia by mycologist John Burton Cleland as Flammula Purpurata (derived from the Latin Purpuratus - clad in purple). Cleland described this species as being found on fallen trunks of wood. Gymnopilus purpuratus is an agaric identified from the austral floral zone and was also collected in Chile and identified by Singer in 1951, who also identified this species from Kew gardens in Surrey. This species blues easily, taste very bitter and is probably hallucinogenic. 1992 chemical analysis of collections from Germany by Dr. Jochen Gartz of the University of Leipzig and others have demonstrated high levels of psilocine and low levels of baeocystine. Dr. Gartz reported that "since 1983, this species has been observed on heaps of pig dung and woodchips in the district Rostock, Northern G. D. R. (East Germany). It seems that this species was introduced (into Germany) with grain from Argentina used for pig forage." Gartz also noted that this species stains blue when handled and was found to be exempt of other tryptamines, muscarine, and urea. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Gymnopilus sapineusGymnopilus sapineus (Fr.) Maire synonyms: Agaricus sapineus Fries (1815) Flammula sapinea (Fr.) P. Kumm. Dryophila sapinea (Fr.) Quél. Fulvidula sapinea (Fr.) Romagn. Pholiota sapinea s. auct. |
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Habitat: Solitary, gregarious to cespitose on trunks or rotting wood, in coniferous (U.S.A.) or Pinus-Quercus forests (Mexico). Studied material: MEXICO: STATE OF OAXACA, Municipality of San Juan Mixtepec, 14 km W from San Juan Mixtepec, Tejocotes, Sept. 4, 1989, Guzmán-Dávalos 4977 (IBUG). U.S.A: Idaho, Valley Co., Payette Lakes, June 28, 1958, Smith 58394 (MICH); State of Washington, 1969, Hatfield 3 (MICH). Comment: This species is distinguished by the color and ornamentation of the pileus, cystidia presence and the radial pileus trama. The caulocystidia of the Mexican material are shorter and wider than those observed in the specimen Smith 58394, but both within species range. It is closely related to Gymnopilus penetrans, but this has a glabrous pileus, spores verruculose, pileocystidia absent and generally a yellow pigment is not dissolved when mounted in KOH. Gymnopilus sapineus is a widely cited species in literature, and it is known from North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia (Cooke, 1884-1886; Bresadola & Saccardo, 1899; Kauffman, 1918; Bresadola, 1927; Maire, 1933; Konrad & Maublanc, 1948; Kühner & Romagnesi, 1953; Hesler, 1969; Gilbertson, 1974; Guzmán, 1977-B; Pegler, 1977; Moser, 1983; Natarajan & Raman, 1983; Lindsey, 1988; Singer, 1986; Bon, 1987; Höiland, 1990); however, until now it was unknown from Mexico. source - www.mycotaxon.com [59: 64-66] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Gymnopilus subpurpuratusGymnopilus subpurpuratus Guzmán-Dávalos & Guzmán |
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Habitat: Gregarious to cespitose in a garden on pine-wood of unknown origin. Studied material: STATE OF JALISCO, Municipality of Zapopan, Nextipac, Guadalajara University, Institute of Botany, Guzmán-Dávalos 4773 (Holotype, IBUG; Isotype XAL, ENCB, MICH), 3914 (IBUG), 4202 (IBUG, XAL), 4775 (OBUG), 4855 (IBUG, ENBC), 5109, (IBUG, MICH). Discussion: Gymnopilus subpurpuratus is characterized by the small fibrillose-scales on the disc, the greenish stains and the veil forming an annular zone. The green staining suggest a relationship with Gymnopilus aeruginosus (Peck) Sing., however, this latter species is greenish with yellow and reddish spots, more scaly, has pleurocystidia and has a different type of caulocystidia (Hesler, 1969; Imazeki & Hongo 1971 i Valensuela et al. 1981). It is also close to Gymnopilus peliolepis (Speg.) Sing., but it has reddish-purple scales, does not stain green and the cheilocystidia are fusoid or ampullaceous, non-capitate. It also is related to Gymnopilus luteofolius (Peck) Sing., but is distinguished by the reddish to vinaceous context, discoloring to yellowish (Singer, 1951-A & 1951-B; Hesler, 1969). Gymnopilus luteoviridis Thiers stains green, but has pleurocystidia and no caulocystidia (Thiers, 1959). Macroscopically, it resembles to Gymnopilus purpuratus (Cooke et Mass.) Sing., but that species has larger spores (Singer, 1969; Lazo, 1984). The material Guzmán-Dávalos 4202 also has spores 8-12 x 4.8-6.4 µm, that are ellipsoid-elongate in addition to the typical spores. source - www.mycotaxon.com [41 (1): 50-54] Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Gymnopilus validipesGymnopilus validipes ((Peck) Hesler) synonyms: Cortinarius validipes Gymnopolis magna |
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Habitat: Gregarious to cespitose on hardwood logs, stumps, or debris. Widespread in the United States, and undoubtedly distributed across much of North America. Also found in central and northern Europe. Comment: Weakly to mildly active, containing 0,12% psilocybin according to Hatfield et al. (1978). (Actual potency may be higher, as psilocin was not screened.) The firs reports of activity came from victims who had confused this species with Armillaria mellea, ht edible honey mushroom (Smith 1980). The mild taste is in contrast to the bitter flavor typical of Gymnopilus spectabilis, which shares an affection for hardwoods and looks similar. See also Gymnopilus ventricosus. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Gymnopilus viridansGymnopilus viridans (Murrill) Hesler |
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Season: October to November. Distribution: Gymnopilus viridans is found on coniferous wood. Washington. Habitat: Gregarious to cespitose. Blueing: Green or blue bruising at the base and on the pileus, green spots on the pileus likely. Dosage:
source - www.shroomery.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Inocybe aeruginascensInocybe aeruginascens M. Babos (1968) |
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Habitat: In sandy soils (including dunes) underneath Populus (poplars) and Salix (willows). Distribution: Widely distributed across the temperate regions of the world. Reported from central Europe and western North America. Season: June through October. Dosage: 1-2 grams dried. Comment: Contains psilocybine, baeocystine and a newly discovered Indole by Gartz which he named aeruginascine. Was the cause of several unintentional intoxication in Europe in the 1980s and was reported as being very euphoric in its actions and effects. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Inocybe coelestiumInocybe coelestium Kuyper |
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Habitat: Under deciduous trees, beech (Fagus), and spruce (Picea) in calcareous soils in August through October. Comment: Weakly active. Containing up to 0.035% psilocybin, no psilocin, and 0.025% baeocystin, (Stijve and Kuyper [1985]). Inocybe coelestium is probably much more widely distributed than reported thus far. This species is relatively rare, and a curiosity in the pantheon of psilocybin fungi, but it is not a good candidate for ingestion by a would be psychonaut. Be careful. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Inocybe corydalinaInocybe corydalina var. corydalina Quélet (1872) synonyms: Inocybe corydalina var. erinaceomorpha (Stangl i Veselsky) Kuyper |
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Distribution: Widespread across Europe, the British Isles, and North America in August through October. Habitat: Primarily under deciduous trees (Fagus, Quercus, Carpinus) and to a lesser degree under conifers (Picea) in woodland soils. Comment: Weakly active, according to Stijve and Kuyper (1985). One variety, Inocybe corydalina var. corydalina, contains up to 0.32% psilocybin and 0.10% baeocystin, no psilocin. Another, Inocybe corydalina var. erinaceomorpha had 0.10% psilocybin, no psilocin and 0.034% baeocystin. (Note: the sampling was limited to only three collections.) Gurevich and Nezoiminogo (1994) reported that a collection of Inocybe corydalina var. corydalina tested negative for psilocybin but positive for muscarine, a result not confirmed by other researchers. Inocybe corydalina var. corydalina has been reported from both North America and Europe, while Inocybe corydalina var. erinaceomorpha has thus far only been reported from Europe. The former species has greenish gray fibrils near the disc, while the latter has dark brown scales but without greenish hues. See also Inocybe coelestium. source - Paul Stamets "Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World" Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Inocybe haemactaInocybe haemacta (Berk. & Cooke) Sacc. (1887) synonyms: Agaricus haemactus Berk. & Cooke (1882) Inocybe corydalina f. haemacta (Berk. & Cooke) R.Heim (1931) Inocybe corydalina var. roseolus Pat. (1886) Inocybe haemacta var. rubra Rea (1922) |
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Habitat: In clay soils in alluvian plains, or in soils enriched with debris and underneath deciduous woods with oaks (Quercus) and beeches (Fagus). Distribution: Widespread throughout Europe but rare in the Netherlands and the British Isles. Season: August through October. Dosage: 1-2 grams dried. Comment: A weak species and generally Inocybes contain muscarine yet the six species which contain psilocybine etc., apparently contain no muscarine. These Inocybes are not recommended for consumption due to the fact that most of the members of this genus are somewhat toxic to humans. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Inocybe tricolorInocybe tricolor Kühner (1955) |
Discussion: Inocybe tricolor is a rare member of the genus Inocybe that is widely distributed in temperate forests. It is a small mycorrhizal mushroom that contains the hallucinogens psilocybin and psilocin. Inocybe tricolor is found under Norway Spruce in central Europe. Macroscopic feat.:
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source - www.wikipedia.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Pluteus cervinusPluteus cervinus (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. synonyms: Agaricus atricapillus Batsch, 1786 Agaricus cervinus Schaeff. 1774 Pluteus atricapillus (Batsch) Fayod 1889 Rhodosporus cervinus (Schaeff.) J. Schröt. 1889 |
Discussion: Pluteus cervinus, often called the "deer mushroom" in field guides, is widely distributed and common in much of North America - especially in temperate regions. It appears on deadwood, and features gills that are free from the stem. The gills are whitish at first, but soon become pink. The cap is variable in color, but is usually a shade of brown. Pluteus cervinus usually appears on the wood of hardwoods, but it is not very picky about what kind of wood it grows on - nor is it very picky about when it will fruit, appearing from spring to fall and even in winter in warmer climates. Macroscopic feat.:
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Habitat: Pluteus cervinus is usually a woodland species, and is not generally found on woodchips in urban areas. On the deadwood of hardwoods and, less often, conifers; occasionally appearing terrestrial but actually arising from buried deadwood; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; spring through fall. Distribution: Pluteus cervinus appears to be common from the Great Plains eastward, in temperate forests (south of about the 45th parallel). Common in eastern North America from about the 45th parallel southwards; also recorded from the San Francisco Bay area. Comment: Pluteus cervinus lacks clamp connections in the pileipellis; several look-alikes have clamps. Pluteus cervinus has pleurocystidia with entire (rather than branched or bifurcated) hooks or "antlers", its "intermediate cystidia" (immature pleurocystidia) are not consistently fusiform (like those of Pluteus petasatus and Pluteus rangifer), and its cheilocystidia are frequent and form a consistent strip along the edge of the gill. The spores of Pluteus cervinus are usually about 5-6 µ wide (Pluteus petasatus has slightly more narrow spores). |
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Pluteus cyanopusPluteus cyanopus Quel. |
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Season: August through November. Distribution: Growing in the woods mostly on hardwoods in the forests of the pacific northwest however, reports have been found of this species growing on conifers in an old growth area. Habitat: Mostly singularly, but sometimes in small groups or two or three in a cluster. Blueing: The base will show obvious blue bruising, the cap may also have blue spots where handled. Dosage:
Notes: Pluteus salicinus for any other Pluteus sp. because they will be blue on the base or will blue almost immediately after picked. Weakly to moderately active. Stijve and Kuyper (1985) reported 0.05-0.25 psilocybin, no psilocin, and from zero to 0.008 baeocystin. Christiansen et al. (1984) found 0.35 psilocybin and 0.011 psilocin. See also Saupe (1981) and Stijve and Bonnard (1986). The Field Guide to Mushrooms of Southern Africa by G.C.A. Van der Westhuizen and Albert Eicker (1994) lists Pluteus salicinus as edible although their description lacks any mention of a bluing reaction. This species may have races that vary in their chemical content from region to region. Heres the differences between Pluteus salicinus and Pluteus cyanopus. Pluteus cyanopus - Cap wrinkled in the center; cap margin lined; gills well spaced, their edges not discoloring; odor and taste mild; spores 6-7 x 5-6 µ; cystidia without spines. Pluteus salicinus - Cap center not wrinkled; cap margin not lined; gills crowded, their edges discoloring grayish; odor and taste unpleasant; spores 7-9 x 5-6 µ; cystidia with spines. source - www.shroomery.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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Pluteus salicinusPluteus salicinus (Pers.) P.Kumm. (1871) synonyms: Agaricus salicinus Pers. (1798) Rhodosporus salicinus (Pers.) J.Schröt. (1889) |
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Habitat: Deciduous woodlands in riparian habitats, especially on alder (Alnus), willow (Salix), or on their woody debris. Distribution: Widely distributed across the United States, the British Isles and northern Europe. Season: Late summer and early fall. Dosage: Unknown. Comment: Pluteus salicinus was first discovered and recognized from southern Illinois. This is one of six species of Pluteus which contain psilocine and psilocybine. source - www.mushroomjohn.org Pictures at www.mushroomobserver.org |
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